The selection and quality of rubber tree bud patches is a critical factor influencing the survival rate of bud grafting in rubber tree mini-seedling buddings. Currently, the selection process relies heavily on the individual experiences of budding workers, who choose the bud sticks and cut the patches based on personal judgment. This method necessitates sorting and shipping the mini-seedling buddings in batches prior to their departure from the nursery, which in turn elevates labor costs. In this study, we trimmed the leaves from the petiole buds on the bud sticks of the rubber tree variety Reken 628. Following the detachment of the petioles and the transition of leaf scars from green to brown, we proceeded to cut the bud sticks. Both the scale buds and petiole bud patches were excised, and the various types of leaves were documented accordingly. We measured the quantity of each bud type present in the canopy and collected growth data, including the moisture content of the buds, as well as the length, width, and thickness of the bud scars, in addition to the length and width of the bud eyes. Our findings indicate that the size of the bud scar is not a reliable indicator of bud eye size. Notably, the quality of leaf-clipped buds surpasses that of those with retained leaves, with the buds from the third leaf whorl exhibiting the highest quality when subjected to leaf clipping. It is essential to increase the watering frequency to ensure that the leaf-clipped bud sticks maintain adequate moisture, which facilitates the cutting of bud patches and the removal of bud wood. This practice helps preserve the integrity of the bud eye post-peeling, ultimately enhancing the survival rate of bud grafting.

This article aims to understand the socio-economic impacts linked to the growth of cashew cultivation in the department of Odienne in context of diversification of the Ivoirian economy, which is heavily dependent on the coffee and cocoa sectors. Cashew nut cultivation has gradually become a major speculation for rural population s due to favorable agro-ecological an economic condition. The results highlight the climatic, political and human factors conducive to the development of cashew nut cultivation. This is expanding rapidly in the study area, to the detriment of food crops, and poses a major challenge. Food insecurity affects 88% of households to varying degrees, with only 12% enjoying real food security. Faced with this problem, farmers in the Odienné department are developing various adaptive strategies. In terms of cultural practices, they use agroecological techniques such as crop rotation, agroforestry and erosion control to preserve soil fertility. They also cultivate rice in low-lying areas in order to extend the area available for cultivation, despite pressure on the land. Technologically, the adoption of improved seeds, phytosanitary inputs and irrigation systems aims to increase yields and secure production in the face of climatic hazards.

Chromolaena odorata, an invasive plant of the Asteraceae family, is widespread in Africa, particularly in Côte d’Ivoire, where it poses significant challenges to agricultural systems by competing with crops for essential resources. However, this plant also offers ecological and agronomic benefits when integrated into sustainable agricultural practices. It can enrich soils with essential nutrients, such as calcium, and promote soil alkalinization. Additionally, its dense biomass helps control weeds and prevent soil erosion. These underutilized characteristics warrant further investigation into its integration within sustainable agriculture. To this end, an agronomic trial was conducted in Daloa to assess the impact of C. odorata biomass on maize cultivation. Four treatments were tested in a Fisher block design: (i) C. odorata alone (Co), (ii) C. odorata with standard mineral fertilizer (CoNPK), (iii) standard mineral fertilizer alone (NPK), and (iv) a control with no treatment (T0). The results showed that the C. odorata alone treatment yielded the highest grain outputs, closely followed by the use of standard mineral fertilizer. In contrast, the control treatment produced the lowest yields, and the combination of C. odorata and mineral fertilizers resulted in yields lower than those from C. odorata alone. It is recommended to integrate C. odorata as a biofertilizer in sustainable agricultural systems due to its economic and ecological benefits. Further studies are required to define an optimal technical pathway for its use, assess its long-term effects on soils, and determine its potential to enhance crop profitability.

This paper focuses on the strategies used by local people to manage the natural resources around the Mont Béro classified forest in Nzérékoré. This management is marked by the authorities teaching reforestation techniques to farmers. At the same time, these farmers have their own methods for managing natural resources, either through the practice of agricultural fallowing or through the creation and protection of village areas. This strategy gives them access to non-timber and timber resources to meet their needs. However, the arrival of cattle breeders in the area complicates the management of these protected areas.

In this research, we have sought to show the importance of experimentation in teaching life and earth sciences and more specifically in the topic of the microbial world. Secondly, we tried to identify the various problems that hinder the practice of experimentation in our scientific classes. Finally, we demonstrated how simulation can be an effective means of remediation. To do this, we adopted a multiple methodology: an interview reserved for teachers and two questionnaires for the two actors in the field, namely students and teachers. Two essential points were highlighted: the infrastructure reserved for practical work in two schools, a college and a high school, as well as the multiple and varied opinions of students on experimental activities. The results showed, on the one hand, that the laboratories of these establishments, under the present conditions, do not promote the learning and development of scientific knowledge in an active manner. Indeed, most scientific activities are carried out in a purely theoretical way, given the inadequacy of suitable premises and the poor management of laboratories, which only accentuate this precarious situation. On the other hand, we were also able to detect through the opinions of the students, a lack of deep enthusiasm in students aware of the precarious conditions of their laboratory but also of the methods of work which are not very motivating. This study has no other purpose than to improve the teaching process learning the concepts of SVT. We have tried to show that simulations have a lot to offer in this field and could be a very effective way to remedy the difficulties of the experiments without wanting to replace them.

A physico-chemical characterisation of urban wet weather discharges (UWWDs) was carried out on a residential catchment of Riviera Palmeraie in the Abidjan District. This neighborhood is characterised by periodic drainage channel overflows, which have caused several floods in recent years. In order to determine the temporal variability of pollutant concentrations and their transfer dynamics, 5 floods were sampled between November 2021 and April 2023. Physico-chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and phosphate were determined. Descriptive analysis of these parameters and the associated statistical tests showed that urban wet weather discharges are alkaline (pH 9.92), highly loaded with TSS (19.3 g.L-1) and moderately mineralised (EC 698 µS cm-1). While construction sites and soil erosion in the catchment are the main sources of TSS, the high values for electrical conductivity and concentrations of ammonium, total nitrogen and total phosphorus are directly related to wastewater discharges into the drainage system and leaching from the urban areas as a whole. Nitrogen and phosphorus pollution is predominantly in particulate form and is strongly correlated with TSS (r = 0.86) for most floods. For all the sampled floods, discharge and electrical conductivity appear to be good descriptors of ammonium dynamics. Suspended solids also appear to be good descriptors of total nitrogen and total phosphorus dynamics.

The choice of this theme aims at the relative interest with the object that had attracted our attention as researchers in Engineering Sciences. Indeed, it all started with an exchange and observation of the judicial sentencing process in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), so we were driven by the desire to improve this process to allow an optimal management and a smooth running of the judicial procedure of Congolese citizens. This article will provide a possible solution in order to maximize the management of the various files and to allow the archiving of judgments for a follow-up not only of the prisoners but also of the various judges and clerks who also commit the crimes within the Ministry of Justice. In addition to the literature review, which is upstream of all the methods used, the analytical method accompanied by the Merise and UML methods helped us to achieve our objective. The results obtained in this article are those: to know the criminal records of all Congolese citizens; to make the information of each of them accessible through a shared database and access the data while eliminating the loss of files of all Congolese citizens.

The objective of this study is to determine the experience of parents in supervising children with stuttering in Makiso commune. The study population consists of parents of stuttering children in the city of Kisangani. To carry out this study, we used a non-probability network-type sampling plan. The qualitative investigation method of the phenomenological type supported by the structured interview conducted this research. At the end of the surveys, it was found that parents try to do everything to make their children feel comfortable by informing friends, teachers and classmates about their children’s problems. The expected results prove how often stuttering remains a problem for children who reach the age of recognition of their situation, which leads them to loss of self-esteem, mockery, etc.

Description of the subject: This article presents the influence of the exploitation of NWFPs in improving the living conditions of village populations and floristic diversity. Objectives: The investigations made it possible to estimate the potential of available NWFPs; identify outlets and marketing channels; analyze the uses and sustainability of harvesting methods. Method: A botanical inventory is carried out in UFA 00-001 and 00-002 of the company TRC near 17 Bantu villages and 6 pygmy hamlets which use and market NWFPs. Socio-economic data are obtained by the Accelerated Participatory Research Method (APRM). Results: Sixty species of NWFP belonging to 49 genera and 28 families have been identified. Up to 84.50 and 15.49% of households complain about the decrease in the frequency of occurrence of Baillonella toxisperma Pierre and Ricinodendron heudoletii (Baill.) Pierre ex Heckel, respectively. 51.64% predict a disappearance of Baillonella toxisperma Pierre. Only 10% of the households have tried to plant this species and none have tried to plant Ricinodendron heudoletii (Baill.) Pierre ex Heckel. Baillonella toxisperma Pierre and Ricinodendron heudoletii (Baill.) (Baill.) Pierre ex Heckel are sold respectively at 1500 Fcfa per liter and 1200 Fcfa per kg. These two species generate respectively 4,859,400 Fcfa and 4,885,440 Fcfa in all the villages studied. The average income for a household is 9,255 Fcfa. Conclusions: Baillonella toxisperma Pierre and (Baill.) Pierre ex Heckel contribute to the income of the households which market them. But their exploitation constitutes a threat to the sustainability of these two species.

Structural components are the least studied in the literature because of their properties that vary from one design to another, which explains the scarcity of statistical data on them. The objective of this work is to determine the Weibull parameters of the reliability laws of the structural components of a spillway using the Condition Index method. To this end, the partial Top-Down Structural Analysis of a spillway was presented. A structural fault tree served as a starting point for the determination of the Weibull parameters of the corresponding component reliability laws. Then, the state condition tables associated with each element were drawn from the analyses carried out by the experts during the dam inspections. The determination of the Condition Indices was carried out by following a succession of steps developed in detail in this paper. After a variable change and a linear regression on the empirical data, a first approximation of the Weibull parameters of each component was performed. Then, the parameters obtained were optimized using the generalized gradient reduction nonlinear solver of the Excel software, on points of distinct reliability, and starting from the previous approximations. The resulting reliability models are very close to discrete data, and generally conservative. Finally, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov conformity test performed in each case validates the law and the determined parameters with a confidence interval greater than 95%. They can be used as a basis for determining the structural reliability of spillways.