This article aims to understand the socio-economic impacts linked to the growth of cashew cultivation in the department of Odienne in context of diversification of the Ivoirian economy, which is heavily dependent on the coffee and cocoa sectors. Cashew nut cultivation has gradually become a major speculation for rural population s due to favorable agro-ecological an economic condition. The results highlight the climatic, political and human factors conducive to the development of cashew nut cultivation. This is expanding rapidly in the study area, to the detriment of food crops, and poses a major challenge. Food insecurity affects 88% of households to varying degrees, with only 12% enjoying real food security. Faced with this problem, farmers in the Odienné department are developing various adaptive strategies. In terms of cultural practices, they use agroecological techniques such as crop rotation, agroforestry and erosion control to preserve soil fertility. They also cultivate rice in low-lying areas in order to extend the area available for cultivation, despite pressure on the land. Technologically, the adoption of improved seeds, phytosanitary inputs and irrigation systems aims to increase yields and secure production in the face of climatic hazards.