This study provides an illuminating insight into the complex dynamics between afforestation, food security and land tenure patterns in South Kivu. Comprehensive data was collected from households in 8 of the 15 administrative groupings in Kaziba. There has been a significant expansion of afforestation on agricultural land, fuelled by factors such as the creation of income from trees (37.5%), soil degradation and low field productivity (34.6%), the generation of tree-related employment (22.7%), and even rural exodus (5.2%). These changes are closely linked to key variables such as the age of the heads of household, their modes of access to land, and the year in which agricultural land was converted to afforestation (P-Value ≤ 5). Plantations generate higher incomes, which households use astutely to send their children to school, support commercial activities, repay previous debts, invest, purchase productive assets and, of course, buy food. Agricultural food production is relatively low, with 75% of households relying on local markets for their food supplies. This exposes them to high prices and cash shortages, due to the long planting cycle. The study highlights that 81.7% of households in Kaziba currently face food poverty, reflected by a food consumption score of between 0 and 21 points. Their average dietary diversity is based on three food categories: white roots and tubers, vegetables, and oils and fats.

Born in the first half of the 18th century, Damagaram was an appendage of Borno until the accession of Tanimoune Dari to power in 1851. This energetic, daring sovereign and fine diplomat took decisions which allowed him to create the Independent state of Damagaram, starting with the capital, Zinder. To write this article we first read the scientific writings on this kingdom. Then, we used documents from colonial archives and information collected following our field survey. This article shows that the sovereign Tanimoune was an exemplary, courageous and daring statesman who knew how to build a city which acquired great fame. This city emerged thanks to the different districts that this sovereign created. These are the Birni, Zongo and Grain Malam districts. The Birni district symbolizes the independence of Damagaram. The Zongo district symbolizes commerce and the Garin Malam district refers to the «modernization of Islam which has become the state religion.

The survey, achieved in the west of Burkina in laboratory conditions (average temperature of 28,21°C and average relative humidity of 73%), aimed to value some biologic parameters of Antigastra catalaunalis. Thus, twenty couples of the pyrale have been followed for the survey of the punter and sixty larvas for the survey of the features and the lengths of the different larval stages. Besides, the bursting rate of the eggs, mortality rate of the larvas, chrysalisation rate of the larvas and emergence rate of the adults have been valued. The results reveals that the females of A. catalaunalis lay 299 eggs on average during 5,5 days with a rate of bursting of 67,06%. Besides, the pyrale passes by five larval stages and has an average development cycle of 21,95 days for the males and 24,45 days for the females. It is necessary to note that the sex-ratio is 1: 1,58. the L1 larvas presented the strongest mortality (23,33%). otherwise, the chrysalisation rate of the larvas was 90,37% and the emergence rate of the adults was 81,57%. At last, it would be interesting to quantify the impact of A. catalaunalis on the different varieties of sesame popularized in Burkina.

This paper deals with the influence of parameters of an asynchronous motor on its starting phase. Five electrical parameters of the asynchronous motor are concerned by the present study. These are the stator resistance (Rs), the rotor resistance (Rr), the stator inductance (Ls), the rotor inductance (Lr) and the mutual inductance (M). Two mechanical parameters are also studied. These are the moment of inertia (J) and the number of pole pairs (P). The simulation results show that the starting current decreases with increasing values ​​of each of the parameters such as stator resistance, rotor resistance, stator inductance, rotor inductance and the number of pole pairs. On the other hand, the starting current increases with the increase in the mutual inductance and the moment of inertia. The torque decreases with increasing parameters such as stator resistance, stator inductance, rotor inductance and mutual inductance. On the other hand, the torque increases with the increase in rotor resistance, number of pole pairs and moment of inertia. The variation in the values ​​of the different parameters influences the behavior of the rotor speed differently. Increasing the values ​​of parameters such as stator resistance, stator inductance, rotor inductance and moment of inertia influence the rotational speed of the rotor such that the motor takes more time to reach steady state. Increasing the values ​​of rotor resistance, mutual inductance influences the rotor speed such that not only does the motor take longer to reach steady state, but the speed drops in steady state when the motor is loaded. Increasing the values ​​of the number of pole pairs lowers the rotor speed and the motor takes less time to reach steady state. On the basis of the various results obtained from the simulations, we proceeded to optimize the parameters studied in order to reduce the current and obtain a smooth start but with a minimized start-up time. For this purpose the values ​​obtained are as follows: Rr=5.85Ω; Rs=13.805 Ω; Ls=0.300 H; Lr=0.299 H; J=0.031 Kg.m2; f=0.001136 N.m/rad/s; P=2; M=0.255 H.

This research aimed to determine the rate of teachers formulating evaluation questions congruent with the psychomotor objectives in life sciences from the seventh basic education to the second year of humanities in Bukavu - RD Congo. It also aimed to identify the reasons for inability to formulate said questions and the intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of the teacher likely to influence this formulation. The methodological approach adopted consisted of the analysis of the educational objectives, the evaluation questions and the questionnaire survey. Six intrinsic antecedent characteristics (sex, level of studies, field of training, seniority, professional training, multiple functions) and five antecedent characteristics extrinsic to the teacher likely to influence this congruence were taken into account (management regime, teacher’s guide, student manual, teaching materials, number of students in the class). The results showed that only 25.5% of teachers formulated questions congruent with the psychomotor objectives. The results of the Chi-square test and those of the univariate logistic regression model revealed that, apart from the characteristic «Management regime» which significantly influenced congruence (p=0.0270), the other antecedent characteristics did not did not have a significant link with said congruence (p>0.05).