This paper focuses on discussing, the transmission line networks need to be browbeaten ever more completely. The more efficient use of the transmission network has already led to a situation where many power systems are operated more often and longer close to voltage stability limits. A power system stressed. The transfer capacity of an existing transmission line network needs to be increased without central reserves and without compromising the power scheme's security. For voltage, stability can cause a system to collapse. At any point in time, the condition that operates a power system should be stable. There are various operational criteria that the system has to meet in order to function as required.Environmental and economic constraints make it possible for power systems to operate nearer to their stability limits. It is, therefore, both critical and challenging to maintain a system that is secure and stable. In recent years, planners and researchers of power systems have concentrated much of their attention on systems' voltage stability.

Enfidha region is located in the center of Tunisia, marked by its landscape diversity, is subject to land use changes. Based on an interpretation of the 2007 and 2017 Landsat images, the dynamic of land use has been highlighted through a cartographic approach. The results show a significant decline in areas occupied by olive fields and cultivated land, a growth in built-up areas associated with an increase in grassland. However, land use mapping has also enabled us to highlight six types of landscapes, which indicate the diversity of the environments that occupy this area. As a result of demographic pressure and climate change, these landscape presents significant risks of degradation. This method could be useful for decision-makers in order to limit urban sprawl to the benefit of forests and olive groves and to implement a strategy for the protection of the Mediterranean coastline and wetlands.

Contraceptive use is very low in Benin despite efforts to reposition family planning as a priority in the National Health Development Plan. This article aims to identify the determinants of modern contraceptive use by adolescents in changing contexts in Benin. We explore the extent to which and by what processes the socioeconomic environment, women's empowerment, fertility norms, and access to family planning information and services influence contraceptive use by adolescents. Data from the Demographic Surveys covering the years 2006, 2011-2012 and 2017-2018 were used. A series of random-effect logit regression models are run separately for each period to examine the variation in modern contraceptive use explained by the four selected spheres of influence at the community level. Data exploration reveals that contraceptive prevalence among adolescents is declining regardless of marital status between 2006 and 2017-2018 at different rates. The rate of reduction is more pronounced among married adolescents (71.6%) compared to single adolescents (52.9%) over the same period. The four areas of influence identified had significant net effects on the variation in contraceptive prevalence among adolescents, showing that the context in which adolescents live partly explains their likelihood of having a low capacity and opportunity for contraceptive use at this age. The meaning of age in community settings influences adolescents' chances of using modern contraception.

The aim of this paper is to examine the effect of the diffusion of ICTs on the economy growth of Cameroon. Conceptual work shows that ICT implementation has a direct and indirect impact on business performance and human capital. As from the previous work design research have been specify and study base on the period going from 1981 to 2017. The application of the techniques of the analysis least squares on these data with Eviews 7.1 permit us to conclude that the main determinants of the economy growth are ICT and human capital (literacy) in Cameroon. Improvement of transparency and good governance remain the necessary requirements to stimulate investments in order to renew growth and development.

The present study was carried out at the Higher Institute of Medical Techniques of Gemena, in the South Ubangi Province in the DRC. The disease is most often unpredictable, it neither advises the time of its onset, nor the time of its departure. It is certain that the expenses it gives rise to cannot be foreseen either in terms of their amount or the period in which they will be incurred. However, health is priceless, but health services come at a cost: «Man can only offer what he has» it is said. Mutual health insurance is a system of solidarity between members of a professional mutual aid group, this organization brings together people of the same category or tendency to belong to. This is how the determination of the factors favoring the organization of the mutual health organization at ISTM Gemena would serve as a prerequisite for access to quality health care for the health of students. This article addressed the «determining aspect of the organization of the mutual health insurance at ISTM Gemena». We have set ourselves the general objective of determining the factors that favor the organization of this system. To achieve this objective, we have set ourselves the following specific objectives: Describe the socio-demographic characteristics of the subjects selected for the study; identify the factors that explain the organization of a mutual health system; Analyze the links between student responses and the various factors identified. The field survey method using a questionnaire and documentary review and interview techniques on a sample of 110 students divided into 7 sections of the ISTM Gemena; after descriptive analysis of the data, we arrived at the following results: 98 or 89.1% of respondents wish to join the mutual insurance company while 12 or 10.9% have the opposite opinion, 100 respondents or 90.9% are willing to contribute while 10 respondents or 9.1% do not have this will, The factors identified in order to promote the organization of the mutual: socioeconomic, demographic, geographical, cultural and organizational, There is no relation between the information received by the students and the importance of the mutual health insurance, therefore the students of ISTM Gemena would not have sufficient knowledge on the importance of mutual health insurance, There is no relationship between the information received by the students and the accessibility to health care. quality, therefore the students of ISTM Gemena would not have access to quality health care, There is a relationship between the information received by the students and the organization of the mutual health insurance, therefore the students of the ISTM Gemena would not have sufficient knowledge on the importance of the mutual, There is no relation between the information received by the students and the accessibility to quality care, therefore the students of ISTM Gemena do not would not have access to quality health care.

It should be pointed out that currently the use of teaching documents remains a real problem and this has direct and indirect implications on the training of learners and even the performance of nationals on the job. In fact, the use of educational materials offers several advantages. This defeated reality motivated us to verify the determinants that would be the cause of this situation which increasingly weakens the training of learners. The general objective of this research is to determine the factors linked to the low use of educational materials. In view of all of the above, we have made the assumptions that: The determinants of the low use of educational documents by teachers are due: - Low staff motivation and poor working condition - Lack of staff training - The poor follow-up of educational documents by school authorities - The low availability of full-time teachers - Non-compliance with; assignment in relation to the teachers' study profile To address the above concerns, the study resorted to the survey method based on the interview technique and document review. The questionnaire was used as a data collection instrument. The sampling technique is probability. The sample size is 120 distributed in 7 schools, ie a population sample, that is to say by exhaustive choice. The results of the study reveal that of the 100% of our sample, there are 92.5% of the male subjects; 55% of subjects aged 41 - 55; 92.5% of married subjects; 81.6% of graduates; 95% of teachers not trained in keeping educational documents; 63.3% of teachers with seniority of 6 - 12 years. Thus, the results of this study confirmed the first four factors of our hypothesis that means that the low motivation of the staff and bad working condition; lack of staff training; the poor follow-up of educational documents by school authorities; the low availability of full-time teachers are the determinants of the low use of teaching documents in other words if we want to obtain a systematic and correct use we must act on these elements on the other hand the last factor is rejected, which means that the non- respect for the assignment in relation to the study profile of teachers has no relation to the low use of teaching documents.

Through this study, we want to explain stress through the coping strategies used by agents and civil servants in the city of Kisangani in the Democratic Republic of Congo. After analyzing the data, we realized that to control stress at work, respondents do not use the different dimensions in the same way. In the order of succession of these dimensions, appear value conversion, acceptance, behavioral and social withdrawal, cognitive control vs planning and addictiveness. Also, we have found that all coping strategies are used, although not in the same way. Nonetheless, there is conversion that comes first, followed by control, with refusal and withdrawal taking third and fourth place respectively, social support and, lastly, focus. In the same vein, the three fields of the Toulouse coping scale (ETC) are operated in roughly the same way. Finally, the two categories of ETC coping (positive coping and negative coping) are used indiscriminately by officials of the State of the City of Kisangani, with an emphasis on negative coping (81.16) than positive (80, 93).

In undertaking this investigation, the main concern is to have an appropriate instrument adapted to the environment of workers in Kisangani to fully apprehend professional exhaustion or burnout at work. To do this, two approaches can be put to good use by the researcher, either to design his own tools in case they do not exist, or to adapt those from other skies. This research is part of the second approach, which proposes an application trial of a tool concerning professional burnout, in particular the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). It is in order to see whether it is, yes or not, adapted to the reality of the environment and to adopt it in the scientific investigations in the environment of workers of Kisangani. Research is working on the metrological qualities of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). In the validation of the MBI, attention was focused on the precision entered from the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the validity by the homogeneity of the tool through the item-test correlation coefficient. Three types of validity were the subject of the MBI, namely facial or content validity, construct or trait validity and nomological or predictive validity.

Urban agriculture is a response to food security in cities and it improves people's income. This agriculture is practiced on undeveloped land because of high land pressure. The aim of this work is to characterize the market gardening of the city of Korhogo. This study was carried out by means of a survey in order to know the socio-demographic profile of the producers and to characterize the market gardening operations of the sites studied. Soil characterization was carried out in order to determine soil physicochemical parameters. Surveys have shown that market gardening in the city of Korhogo is a predominantly female activity (98%). The use of mineral and organic fertilizers and pesticides is almost systematic on the plots and is intense on small ones. The analysis of the physicochemical parameters showed soils devoted to vegetable are predominantly sandy. They are low acid soils with pH ranging from 5.1 to 5.8. Nitrogen, organic carbon contents and exchangeable bases levels are very low. Only available phosphorus varying from 51 to 64 mg.kg-1had acceptable levels in these soils. The sand richness of the soil therefore favours the leaching of mineral elements, which leads to a decrease in soil fertility. This phenomenon leading farmers to disproportionately use chemical and organic fertilizers, could have an impact on market garden products’ quality.

In this topical, we would like to find out how to skirt the disaster produced by the CORONAVIRUS on food security side in kalehe territory and warning taste against that pandemic which affected almost all the countries in the word whose DR Congo is among.The south-kivu province is among the provinces affected in DR Congo. Concerning kalehe territory in south-kivu; it lank the north-kivu province to the south-kivu province and both the two provinces are already affected by the pandemic CORONAVIRUS. The same territory is in touch with neighboring countries such Rwanda which is affected too and has been confined since March.After many years of political and economical war managed armed groups since 1996 and followed by a series of natural disasters terrorizing kalehe population, the pandemic CORONAVIRUS, a murderous disease shakes anyone on its crossing, remains also a serious danger for kalehe territory.Right now, for the sake of preventing that disease; kalehe population is confined as wel as their neighbors. This situation exited in us the following questions:- What will be the destiny of this miserable population living absolutely of live lihood possessing neither supply nor financial or material means for its food security in this period of confinement?- What will be the population lifestyle after the CORONAVIRUS period?- What preventive safety on the food scheme so that everyone may be hopeful of living in this hard period and prevent a potential social and economic crisis and/or a hunger of catastrophe bound by that pandemic?Thanks to this series of questions, the improvement of food remains, for us a filled medicine to ease the population this hard food period.This is possible to reach because kalehe territory owns lots exploitable potentialities such as cultivable land, watercourse the two main national roads; the road going from Bukavu to Goma and the one going Bukavu to Bunyakiri till Walikale and the lake kivu is among those potentialities.The ful filment of this, needs the help of the government and N.G.O technically, materially and financially in this saving of emergency gesture.The food help and the growing of short duration of ripeness like vegetables and fruits along with cereals to reduce food difficulties during painful period and expect a best future.

The present dissertation is a contrastive analysis of the present perfect tense in English and Mashi. This work has described the present perfect tense in English and Mashi, with more emphasis on the latter language where some of the verbs given in the twenty-four illustrating corpuses are morphologically analysed. The description is followed by the comparison of the present perfect in both languages, at the phonological and morphological levels. It has been noticed that the present perfect tense has different forms in the two languages and that a pupil who has got Mashi as his/her L1 experiences a lot of difficulties in mastering some aspects of the present perfect tense.

Conducted in the urban commune of Madarounfa, this study aims to analyze the potential of honey production and the contribution of beekeeping to the economy of rural households. The study covered six villages namely Saulawa, Tsola, Kabobi, Bargaja, Dan Toudou and Garass. A total of 39 beekeepers were identified and surveyed. In addition to the survey, visits and observations were carried out on the production sites to assess the technical production outlet as well as the quantity and quality of the honey obtained. Although, the production of honey is artisanal, this activity constitutes a significant source of income. The results of the study revealed that the beekeepers of the commune of Madarounfa have a long experience in the field and this due to the melliferous potentialities that exist in this ecological zone. In fact, 28 melliferous species have been identified. Species like Vitellaria paradoxa and Faidherbia albida are the most visited by the bees. It also appears that the production of honey is very variable according to the seasons. Thus, the cold season from November to January is the favorable period to the high production of honey. The income from the sale of honey is very appreciable and turns on average around 114,862 FCFA / year per beekeeper and per village. Despite this significant contribution to the household economy, beekeeping faces enormous difficulties including the lack of support from partners, lack of organization of beekeepers and the lack of an adequate management plan.

This article analyses the characteristics and functioning of the Kagnon farm, a small associational fish production farm in northern Côte d'Ivoire. The aim of this rural fish farm is to produce market-size tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (at least 250 grams) for the local market. In a regional aquaculture context characterised by the failure of many previous fish farms, the setting up of this farm is an interesting initiative. The study is based on a methodological approach based on documentary research and a field survey. In the analysis, the results highlight the use by fish farmers of endogenous know-how and materials. Moreover, the distribution and marketing area of the production is still small, limited to a few localities close to the farm.

In Côte d'Ivoire, updated data on these birds are almost non-existent. In order to correct this lack of data, the population and distribution of raptors in the Abokouamékro Faunal Reserve and its periphery were studied from the beginning of September to mid-October 2020 using line transect counting methods at different listening stations, fixed observation points and call-playback. A total of 149 individuals of 26 species from 4 families and 3 orders were inventoried. These birds of prey from the AFR are moderately diverse with a Shannon-Wiever diversity index (H'= 2.97) and fairly well distributed (E = 0.91). Among the species inventoried, the Black Kite Milvus migrans seems to be the most dominant species with a relative frequency of 15.54%. Sedentary and open habitat species are respectively the most important in terms of biogeographical origin and habitat preference. Also, two protected species of global interest (the Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus and the Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus) of the Near Threatened category have been identified. In terms of distribution, although the southern and northern sectors contain more birds, both in terms of species richness and numbers, the statistical analyses carried out using the Newman-Keuls Test, showed that there is no significant difference between raptor populations in the different sectors studied. Additional studies would be indispensable in order to have a perfect evaluation of raptors of this protected area.

This work aims to design a hydraulic model to know the current operation of the drinking water supply network for Korhogo city and to carry out corrective simulations to improve it. To achieve this, we used the EPANET software, to design and simulate the hydraulic model operation using the equal staffing method at each Request Node (DEN). In addition, based on an annual growth rate of 2.08%, the population of the city of Korhogo as well as the total water needs were estimated for different horizons and staffing scenarios. The results indicate that the overall average needs of the city in drinking water for an endowment 45 l/j/ hab. are respectively 678 m3/h for 2020, 750 m3/h for 2025, 830 m3/h for 2030, 1020 m3/h for 2040 and 1252 m3/h for 2050. The simulation of the network with the current injected flow which is 100 l/s, highlight some pressure and speed anomalies. Indeed, the network presents several negative or no conform pressures and unsatisfactory speeds (lower than 0.5 m/s and higher than 2 m/s). The network is apparently undersized and cannot meet the current and future needs of the city. Corrective simulations for optimal network operation until 2030 suggest positive pressures and speeds throughout the city with an endowment of 45 l/j/hab.