This paper analyses the impact of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) on economic growth and performance of many economic sectors related to the agricultural sector in Bulgaria, Croatia and Slovenia. Comparing the main economic indicators before and after EU integration, the study identifies both positive and negative trends. The results show that in Bulgaria, economic growth slowed down slightly after the implementation of the CAP, while on the other hand unemployment decreased and agricultural exports and direct payments to this sector increased significantly, reflecting improved support and competitiveness in the agricultural sector. In Croatia, GDP growth strengthened, accompanied by a modest decrease in unemployment and a significant increase in agricultural production and subsidies, which were a result of the work carried out over the years and the long period of membership. Both countries experienced a decrease in the number of farms, but on the other hand increasing their productivity and size, while increasing efficiency in the agricultural sector. Overall, the findings show that CAP integration has contributed to improving agricultural performance and labor market conditions, although its effects on overall economic growth remain mixed as some sectors have experienced growth while others have experienced declines. The impact of the policy appears to be strongest in promoting modernization, investment, and export capacity within agriculture.

The Central Bank of Congo, a pillar of the country’s economic and financial stability, faces specific challenges related to resource management, operational efficiency, and the fight against economic volatility. It faces growing challenges, particularly in terms of responsiveness and adaptation to financial crises, exchange rate fluctuations, and increased transparency and regulatory compliance requirements. It relies on internal departments to ensure the smooth running of its missions, including general services. We noted that, in the daily operations of these departments, administrative procedures are often lengthy and complex, leading to wasted time and suboptimal use of available resources. This situation compromises the bank’s responsiveness and efficiency in an environment where every minute counts, whether in responding to financial challenges or coordinating strategic missions. The adaptation of Lean Management (Value Stream Mapping, 5S, Kaizen, etc.), which involves eliminating waste and retaining only the steps that provide real added value, has proven particularly relevant.

This work focuses on the seismic design of reinforced concrete structures in highly seismic areas such as Goma and Bukavu. Entitled ‘Contribution to the Structural Design of Buildings type G+9 in the Seismic Zones of Goma and Bukavu’, the study aims to analyze the influence of soil properties on the seismic behavior of a (G+9) or 10 storey building in accordance with the provisions of Eurocode 8. The analyses and designs were carried out according to the norm RPA99 modified 2003, MATLAB (for simplified manual calculations), Robot structural Analysis Professional (for automated calculations), Eurocode 8, Eurocode 2, Reinforced concrete to limit States 91 (mod.99). The building is a ten-storey reinforced concrete structure without shear walls or bracing systems, in order to clearly observe the effect of soil type on dynamic behavior. Two types of analyses were carried out: a manual static analysis for the preliminary design of structural elements (beams, columns, footings), and a modal response spectrum analysis according to Eurocode 8 for seismic evaluation. The results reveal that soft soil from Bukavu (Class C) produces higher internal forces, with an average increase in base shear forces of approximately 41%, and a 42% increase in lateral displacements compared to hard soil from Goma (Class A). This is due to the amplification of seismic waves in soft soils, which significantly affects tall buildings. Finally, the generated reinforcement plans were adapted to the specific loads for each soil type, highlighting the importance of adjusting the design to local ground conditions. This study underlines the critical impact of soil type on seismic analysis and structural design. It emphasizes the importance of prior geotechnical investigations and strict adherence to Eurocode 8 provisions to ensure structural safety in seismic regions.

A company’s success is determined by its ability to offer the right product at the right time. Intelligent inventory management plays a crucial role in achieving this. Inventory is an operational resource that must be carefully managed. When inventory levels are insufficient, the company risks stockouts, which create additional costs and, more importantly, damage the company’s brand image. Conversely, excess inventory becomes a fixed asset, increasing production costs and straining cash flow. Optimizing inventory management inevitably involves minimizing costs and using procurement methods tailored to each item. Research results show that the vast majority of Nigerian SMEs operating in the Central Market of Kinshasa regularly experience stockouts, use different procurement methods depending on the circumstances, do not use inventory management software, and rely on traditional inventory management practices.

This study analyzes the evolution of the Ivorian climate between 1981 and 2025. It relies on CORDEX data derived from five regional climate models and 14 stations distributed across the country. The series were processed using the Hanning low-pass filter, standardized anomalies, the Pettitt test combined with the Bayesian approach of Lee and Heghinian, and the Hydro-Environmental Deficit Index (IDDH). The results first reveal a generalized increase in rainfall. However, a marked deficit period occurred between 1990 and 2014. Since 2014, most stations have shown a clear recovery. In parallel, temperatures have risen across the entire territory, with a stronger intensity along the coastline. Moreover, recent rainfall shifts are associated with substantial positive variations, exceeding 20% in coastal and forest zones. Rainy seasons have intensified in most stations, although Korhogo, Bouaké, and Yamoussoukro remain exceptions. Finally, monthly temperature increases are widespread, with a particularly strong rise during the dry season in the northern part of the country.

An analysis of data on the flow of the Congo River and the energy production of the Inga Dam, from 1990 to 2021, was carried out in order to derive a mathematical equation that would establish a correlation between the two variables. This study yields the equation of the simple linear regression line below: y=204.618+0.142x. This equation found will therefore allow us to estimate, based on the water level of the Congo River, the quantity of electrical energy to be produced at the INGA Dam, while considering that the system remains constant. It is observed that the evolutionary trend of the energy production of the Inga Dam follows the rhythm of the evolution of the flow of the Congo River. The evolution of the flow of the Congo River would lead to either positive or negative impacts on the production capacity of the Inga Dam, knowing that this depends on the periods observed. During flood periods, the impact is positive because it increases the production of electrical energy, while during periods of deep low water the impact is negative, it significantly reduces the electrical energy production capacity of the INGA Dam.

Taï National Park (TNP) is home to an exceptional wealth of wildlife, with 146 species of mammals, representing 93% of the species found in the western Guinean forest zone. Due to this remarkable biological diversity, numerous conservation and scientific research programs have been implemented there with a view to ensuring the park’s sustainable management. However, despite the multitude of studies carried out, knowledge of the ecology of small and medium-sized carnivores remains patchy, mainly due to their discreet lifestyle and predominantly nocturnal activities. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of certain environmental and anthropogenic factors on the spatial distribution of small and medium-sized carnivores in Taï National Park. To this end, 285 camera traps were deployed throughout the park between March 2019 and February 2020. The results indicate that the distribution of the marsh mongoose and Johnston’s genet is positively influenced by distance from research or ecotourism areas, which have high concentrations of these two species. In contrast, the distribution of the brown mongoose, the Liberian mongoose, and the African civet shows no significant relationship with the preselected environmental and anthropogenic variables, suggesting a relatively homogeneous distribution within the park. These results provide useful additional information for managers of Taï National Park and constitute an important scientific basis for improving conservation strategies for small and medium-sized carnivores.

An analysis of data on the socio-economic and environmental impact generated by water drilling in the Bahumbu II district of the N’sele commune was carried out. The study made it possible to highlight the contribution of drilling in improving the socio-economic and environmental conditions of the population of the said district. It results from this study that the presence of water boreholes in the Bahumbu II district has a triple social, economic and environmental advantage. On the social level: Improvement in living conditions through the creation of temporary and daily jobs during borehole installation work, the engagement of water sellers in standpipes by the NGO ASUREP... On the economic level: improving public health through more reliable access to clean water, which reduces the cost of treating water-borne diseases. It is also the source of income for the owners of the boreholes through the marketing of water. On the environmental level: the negative impacts of water drilling are not obvious because since the installation of the various water drillings until today, we have not observed the likely effects that could harm the human environment and physical.

The cartographic and petrographic study of the Ntoni region, located in the Mbanza-Ngungu territory in Kongo Central province (DRC), aims to characterize and map the local geological formations. The methodology combines a documentation phase, a geological survey in the field, and microscopic analyses in the laboratory. The materials studied are mainly sedimentary rocks including limestones, dolomites, sandstones, and shales, whose limestone facies are classified according to Folk (biomicrites, intrasparites, intramicrites, biosparites, biopelsparites). The region benefits from a Sudanese climate and a varied relief, with a geological context dominated by the Neoproterozoic Inkisi group, composed of alternating schistose-sandstone and limestone terrains. The study made it possible to specify the lithology, spatial distribution, and depositional environment of the rocks, which vary between marine and continental settings depending on geological periods. An updated geological sketch was produced, showing significant stratigraphic complexity. This work enriches the geological knowledge of Kongo Central by providing a better understanding of the sedimentary formations, with implications for mineral resource exploitation and land use planning. It paves the way for more in-depth research on regional stratigraphy and tectonics.

This paper examines the teaching techniques most commonly applied in professional practice, with particular focus on the lecture method and practical work. The study highlights that the lecture method remains widely used due to its ability to convey a large amount of information efficiently to large groups and its pedagogical flexibility. However, this method has notable limitations, including learner passivity, limited consideration of individual differences, and weak development of practical skills. Practical work plays a crucial role in the teaching-learning process by promoting the practical application of knowledge, the development of technical skills, learner autonomy, critical thinking, and creativity. It also enables teachers to better assess students’ actual levels of understanding. Despite these advantages, practical activities face several challenges, such as unequal participation in group work, insufficient student engagement, and material constraints. The study concludes that an effective teaching strategy requires a balanced integration of lecture-based instruction and practical activities, particularly in professional and technical education contexts.

Built on the alluvial plain of Kinshasa, the planned city of Matete is bordered on its peripheral areas by green spaces and benefits from a diversity of housing types and facilities laid out on serviced grids, compared to other neighborhoods of the city. Demographic pressure, population densification, and the spread of self-built housing on the former grid-based urban fabric—largely driven by rural exodus, the departure of colonial settlers on the eve of independence, the decline of the National Housing Office (ONL), the anarchic occupation of land extending to the foothills of hilly zones in complicity with the customary authorities of the time, and finally the shift to the rent-to-own system during the Zairianization period—are among the main factors underlying the current transformation of this former turnkey housing area. A local land-use and development plan has now become necessary in order to address the effects of this spontaneous growth generated by upward urbanization.

This study examines parental behaviors toward adolescent drunkenness in South Kivu Province, with a focus on the city of Bukavu (Democratic Republic of the Congo). Adolescence is a transitional stage characterized by significant biological, psychological, and social changes, which often expose young people to risky behaviors such as excessive alcohol consumption. This phenomenon affects not only adolescents but also family stability and social cohesion. The main objective of this research is to identify parental attitudes and responses to adolescent drunkenness, analyze the consequences of these behaviors on adolescents’ development, and propose educational strategies adapted to the local socio-cultural context. The study employs a descriptive and analytical methodology, using documentary analysis, interviews, questionnaires, and field observations. An occasional sample of 1,200 respondents from different social categories was selected. The findings reveal that although most parents possess general knowledge about adolescence, their reactions to drunkenness range from tolerance and neglect to imitation of parental drinking behaviors and the use of coercive measures. These parental attitudes contribute to negative outcomes such as persistent alcohol abuse, school dropout, juvenile delinquency, early sexual activity, and strained parent–child relationships. The study concludes by emphasizing the need to strengthen parental education, promote family dialogue, and implement community-based awareness programs to prevent and reduce adolescent drunkenness.

The analysis of milk in Tunisia is limited to two methods of analysis which has caused quality problems for industrial processing. The Department of Genetic Improvement specializing in the field of milk quality has solved the problem of milk quality control by the transformed Fourier spectrometer machine (FTS) and flow cytometry machine (FCM) which are the objective of this study. The work was summarized on the calibration and control of the proper functioning of the milk analyser (FTS / FCM) to have the quality desired for the food industry.

The present study has consisted to the disinfection of water by photosensitization with Bergamot essential oil. The results obtained show negligible inhibition of fecal coliforms in untreated water exposed to light. In contrast, for treated water exposed to light, complete inhibition of fecal coliforms was observed after one hour of exposure. In treated water kept in the dark, no inhibition of fecal coliforms was observed from the beginning to the end of the experiments. The activity observed in this oil is due to 5-methoxypsoralen (MOP-5). In the presence of light, this molecule is excited (1MOP-5*). The singlet excited form undergoes an intersystem crossing (transition from the singlet to the triplet state); from the triplet state, the 5-methoxypsoralen (3MOP-5*) transfers its energy to triplet oxygen (3O2). The triplet oxygen undergoes a transition from a triplet to a singlet state (1O2*). The singlet oxygen generated initiates a series of reactions with biomolecules, particularly the nitrogenous bases of DNA. These photo-oxidation reactions lead to the destruction of microorganisms.

Aquatic hyphomycetes play a major role in the functioning of freshwater ecosystems by participating in the decomposition of organic matter and the recycling of nutrients. This study provides the first documentation of their diversity in streams of Guinea. Between May and July 2015, samples were collected from foam and filtered water, and taxa were observed and identified based on morphological characteristics. A total of 30 species are recorded, including both cosmopolitan taxa and species with tropical distribution. Nine of them represent new records for the African continent. These findings enhance current knowledge of aquatic fungal biodiversity in Guinea and establish a reference framework for further research on the seasonal dynamics and ecological roles of these communities in Guinea and across West Africa.

Fishing in the Poro region is one of the main sources of fish for the local population. However, due to its essentially freshwater nature, the annual rhythm of these fishing activities is largely determined by the seasons of the local climate. The aim of this study is to highlight the influence of intra-annual rainfall variability on fish production systems in the Poro region. It is based on a documentary research, processing rainfall and temperature data provided by SODEXAM, fish production data from the regional office of MIRAH and a field survey. The results show that the climatic seasons give different physical and biological dynamics to the fishery production areas throughout the year. The rainy season brings rivers, lakes and floodplains to life through flooding. Conversely, the dry season, accentuated by the effects of the harmattan, leads to the deterioration of these environments. This environmental variability leads to highly seasonal fishing activities, with two alternating periods of good and low production.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of aqueous extract of ricin oil leaves on pests of two cowpea varieties in the field (Diamond and Mujilanga «H36» varieties) and to determine the best dose that promotes good yield. For the experiment, a completely randomized split plot design with four blocks and five treatments was set up, including the control (T0), Zalang 50EC (chemical insecticide) at 1 L/m2 (T1), ricin leaf aqueous extract at 1.125 L/ m2 (T2), ricin leaf aqueous extract at 1.375 L/ m2 (T3) and ricin leaf aqueous extract at 1.625 L/ m2 (T4). The results obtained; with regard to the production variables, the best treatments that induced a high yield were T1 with 1.20T/ha and T3 with 0.935T/ha for the diamond variety (V1) and T1 with 1.22T/ha and T3 with 0.915T/ha for the Mujilanga variety (V2). As for the phytosanitary variables, the insect pests identified before and after the first application of phytosanitary products (organic and synthetic) were Ootheca mutabilis, Thrips megalothrips, Mylabri ssp, Muracate vitrata and pod bugs. After the second application, Aneplocnemis curvipes appeared while Thrips megalothrips and Mylabri ssp were no longer identified. The number of these insect pests decreased significantly after the application of plant protection products, except for the control treatment (T0) in which the number of insect pests increased with the cowpea crop cycle.

In the city of Moanda, where one of the world’s largest manganese (Mn) deposits is located, the soils are very rich in manganese, which promotes the transfer of Mn from the soil to the various organs of fruits and vegetables that are grown near the manganese plateaus. Cassava is widely cultivated and consumed daily by the population of this region of Gabon. These cassava leaves pose a moderate but not negligible risk to the people who consume them daily. This study was conducted to assess the health risks to the population of this region who regularly consume cassava leaves. Manganese (Mn) concentrations in cassava leaves were measured at four sites in Moanda (La Gare, Leyima, L’Alliance, and L’Oasis), which have relatively high levels in the soil. The results show high concentrations of manganese in cassava leaves, concentrations above regulatory limits with a maximum of 48200 µg.kg-1. The risk factor calculation indicates that these concentrations represent a moderate but not negligible risk factor for the health of the inhabitants of Moanda who regularly consume cassava leaves.

The supply of quality drinking water in the religious city of TOUBA remains a major challenge for the state and local authorities. The aim of this study is to assess the hydrochemical quality of the Maastrichtian aquifer located in the TOUBA hydrogeological basin. Specifically, the study focuses on fluoride and dry residue concentrations. We worked with hydrogeological data received from the Water Resources Management and Planning Department from 54 boreholes that tap the Maastrichtian in Touba and the surrounding area. The results show that in the area, the quantity of dry residues and the concentration of fluoride are high, even exceeding the threshold set by the WHO in some boreholes. Fifty-two (52) out of fifty-four (54) of the boreholes studied, i.e. 96.3%, have a dry residue concentration above the WHO limit value (1000 mg/L), and only ten (10) of the 54 boreholes studied, i.e. 18.5%, have a concentration below 1.5 mg/L (WHO standard). Consumption of this water without prior treatment may constitute a public health problem in TOUBA.