This paper describes the feasibility and implementation of a time domain facility for Radar Cross Section (RCS) measurements. Main advantages of measuring in the time domain are the high range resolution and the application of direct gating. The limited signal to noise ratio can be a disadvantage. The measurements have been performed with software tool XFDTD using two 2-12 GHz ridged horn antennas and rugby antennas respectively. Because the horns are not designed for transmitting transient signals, an additional system response measurement in combination with a software de convolution algorithm restores the impulse response of the object under test. Further processing separates the object response from clutter contributions. A comparison of the time domain data with calculated and measured frequency domain radar cross sections shows a good agreement. The high range resolution enables the separation of scattering mechanisms (i.e. reaction, single and multiple diffraction. It is concluded that the time domain RCS measurement system is an attractive alternative of its frequency domain equivalent. However, the decision to measure in the time or frequency domain will depend on the specific aim of each experiment.
Power has become a burning issue in modern VLSI design and integrated circuits; the power consumed by clocking gradually takes a dominant part. The proposed system provided a design to reduce the clock tree power by replacing some flip-flops with fewer multi-bit flip-flops, and also reduces the total power consumption. First, it perform a co-ordinate transformation to identify those flip flops that can be merged and also identify their legal regions in a library. Next step is to build a combination table to enumerate possible combinations of flip-flops provided by the library. The last step is to merge flip-flops in a hierarchical way. Besides power reduction, the objective of minimizing the total wire length is also considered. The time complexity of the proposed algorithm is less than the time complexity of the existing algorithm. According to the experimental results, the proposed algorithm significantly reduces the clock power by 27.9% and area reduced by 18.5%. The running time is very short. By using this method the low power consumed IC’s can be manufactured using CMOS technologies.
The proposed OCR algorithm to retrieve the text in the scanned document images. Here the text detection algorithm based on two machine learning classifiers: one allows generating candidate word regions and the other filters out non-text ones. The extract connected components (CCs) in images by using the maximally stable extremal region algorithm. In CC clustering adaboost classifiers are used to determine whether the region contains text or not. Then using binarization method, the gray image is converted into binary image. The binarization outcomes are subject to OCR and the corresponding result is evaluated with respect to character and word accuracy. As more and more text documents are scanned fast and accurate. Additional performance metrics of the percentage rates of broken and missed text, false alarms, background noise, character enlargement and merging. This effectiveness of the proposed method is also confirmed by tests carried on realistic document images. For proposed algorithm MATLAB version 13 software is used.
Spectrum Overcrowding continues to present a fundamental challenge for both military and commercial communications as earlier concerns over spectrum congestion and inefficient usage are manifest with 4G system emergence. Interest in Cognitive radio (CR) remains strong as the communication community strives to solve the spectrum congestion problem. In conventional CR Implementation, interference to primary users is minimized using either overlay or underlay waveforms.The overlay waveform that exploit unused spectrum holes and the underlay waveforms that spread their power spectrum density over an ultra-wide bandwidth. The proposed hybrid overlay underlay waveform that exploits both unused and underused waveform which effectively utilize the spectrum and improve spectrum efficiency.
The work depends on the development of a wheelchair that can be a fully automatic navigation system. It provides flexible operation to choose different modalities to command the wheel chair, this method is very useful to a people who can affected for charcot-marie-tooth disease. Patients can command the wheelchair based on their eye blinks, eye movement. The wheelchair can operate like an auto-guided vehicle, following IR sensor way. The digital commends from the IR sensor is moved to raspberry pi. It provides commands to be sent to the wheelchair. Several experiments are used in this technique to introduce an effective wheelchair for disabled persons.
The prediction based tracking technique using sequential patterns (PTSPs) designed to achieve significant reductions in the energy dissipated by the Object Tracking Sensor Network (OTSN) while maintaining acceptable missing rate levels. PTSP is tested against basic tracking techniques to determine the appropriateness of PTSP under various circumstances. The PTSP outperforms all the other basic tracking techniques and exhibits significant amounts of savings in terms of the entire network’s energy consumption total energy consumed. And it can be enhanced by using Voronoi techniques. Including the active and sleep mode energy consumption for each sensor node in the network, and missing rate which represents a ratio of the missing reports to the total number of reports received by the application.
The vision of Self-Organizing Networks (SON) has been drawing considerable attention as a major axis for the development of future networks. As an essential functionality in SON, cell outage detection is developed to autonomously detect macrocells or femtocells that are inoperative and unable to provide service. However, due to the two-tier macro femto network architecture and the small coverage nature of femtocells, it is challenging to enable outage detection functionality in femtocell networks. Self-healing functionality in femtocell aims to resolve the loss of coverage or capacity induced by cell outage to the extent possible in the femtocell networks. Existing systems uses local cooperation architecture which seeks solutions with the need for local collaboration among femtocells. Specifically, an outage is detected based on the measurements of surrounding femtocells. Based on these local measurements, a proper set of neighbor femto APs tune their parameters to compensate for the outage. The outage occurs due improper arrangements of femtocell network. Proper placing of the femtocell access points reduces the outage problems. The signal strength, threshold and various parameters are calculated for different configurations and for different modulation technique using a simulation mechanism. The analysis of the same is done .from this analysis proper configuration of the femtocell network is obtained.
A novel design methodology is to implement a secure DPA resistant crypto secured processor such as advanced encryption standard (AES) and triple data encryption standard (DES), by secure side-channel attacks, such as differential power analysis (DPA). The methodology is suitable for integration in a common automated standard cell ASIC or FPGA design flow. Dynamic logic is obfuscates the output waveforms and the circuit operation, which reducing the effectiveness of the DPA attack for mitigating DPA attacks for applications of secure integrated circuit (IC) design. A Penta MTJ gate that provides self-referencing, simple cascading, less voltage headroom downside in pre charge sense electronic equipment and low space. These types of gate is implemented in (PADDL). Different logic gates and different writing circuitry is required, but the sensing portion is remains same. Therefore, the information is deposited in the pinned layers using series or parallel combinations of transistors as per the logic storing in the Penta MTJ. The logic gate is authenticated by simulation at the 22nm technology node using a tanner tool.
Content addressable memories (CAMs) are type of computer memory that is used in search intensive applications. It involves content based searching. The conventional CAM is designed using MOSFET, due to which the power consumption is very high because of parallel architecture and short channel Effects such as leakage current. However, the current trend is to use a new non planar device architecture, the so called FinFET to overcome the problems of planar MOSFET stated above. Among the alternatives to planar MOSFET, FinFET is proved to be more efficient in terms of power. Although the CAM using FinFET is efficient ,it is volatile. In order to make it non-volatile, a new element called memristor can be used. Also, when the device is idle,the leakage will be high. This can be overcome by the use of MT-CMOS for power gating. This paper proposes a novel design of NOR content addressable memory bit cell using memristor and MT-CMOS in 22-nm FinFET Technology. The design has been simulated in 22nm FinFET technology using Tanner EDA tool.
The idea of this work is to develop the prevention of theft of the ATM card and to control the usage of the ATM card by unauthorized person. The additional feature of this work is that no transaction can be done without the knowledge of the respective card holder for the cause that GSM transactions are being implemented. The description of the work is as follows; whenever the transaction has to be done, the card is inserted inside the ATM machine and devices are made to interact with some of the legacy systems. A message is received to the mobile phone of the rightful proprietor with a pin number of four digits. This number is entered in the ATM machine. In case of password being correct it moves on to the next level of money transaction, asking for the money withdrawal. Scenario like, the password is found to be defective the transaction will get cancel.
Shift register in this paper possess low efficient SSASPL (Static differential Sense Amp Shared Pulsed Latch). Timing problem between pulsed latches is solved using multiple non-overlap delayed strobe signal. Here latches are grouped into several sub-shift registers. To provide better results, leakage current and leakage power are reduced with MTCMOS (Multi Threshold Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) and power-delay products are further reduced using Mod-GDI(Modified Gate Diffusion Input) technique. A 16-bit shift register in 22nm technology with supply voltage VDD =200mv and consumes 0.147mW. Power consumption in percentage is 43.04% in other words power reduced in comparison to the existing systems is 14.85%. Simulation is done using Tanner EDA TOOL in 22nm technology.
Unfortunately, public transportation is not an easy mean to use and access by blind people in many countries. In case of buses, blind people have difficulty in recognizing and estimating the arrival of buses at the bus stations. In this paper a bus system using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is used. The blind people in the bus station are provided with the RFID reader which is recognized by the RFID tag in the bus. Then the blind people get the information about the arrival of the bus. The indication is made in the bus that the blind people is present in the station to the driver with the help of RF transmitter and RF receiver. So the bus stops at the particular station.
Computer-aided detection (CADe) of pulmonary nodules is critical to assist radiologist in early detection of lung cancer from computed tomography (CT) scans. So in proposed system we use CADe system based on hierarchical vector quantization (VQ) scheme. On comparing with commonly-used simple thresholding approach, the high-level VQ yields accurate segmentation of lungs from chest volume and in identifying initial nodule candidates (INCs) within lungs, low-level VQ proves to be effective for INC detection and segmentation, as well as computationally efficient compared to existing approaches. This proposed system also reduces false positive detection. False positive reduction is conducted via the rule based filtering operation in combination with feature-based support vector machine classifier. This proposed system shows out performance and demonstrate its potential for early detection of pulmonary nodules via CT imaging.
Heart attack is one of major cardiac disease. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is widely used to diagnose these diseases. Now a days, ECG monitoring is one of the major technique used in medical science. This is achieved by extracting amplitudes and durations of the parameter of ECG waveform such as P wave, QRS complex, RR interval and PR durations, temperature and heart beat. These parameters are compared with the normal values to determine the type of abnormalities. Under critical conditions, transmission scheme will ensure successful transmission of critical messages to doctors via Global system for mobile (GSM) network.
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