The paper proposes a convex hull-based algorithm for rapid line extraction from 2D LiDAR datas. It uses an algorithm to calculate feature points in LiDAR data frames. Geometric features contained in these feature points provide information for subsequent matching. Compared with traditional LiDAR matching algorithms, the algorithm is greatly improved in terms of iterations and matching precision. This algorithm finally was used to solve the ego-motion estimation of an indoor robot.

Sundarban is the largest productive contiguous mangrove forest in the world, located in the south-western part of Bangladesh. UNESCO declared three wildlife Sanctuaries of the Sundarban as 522nd World Heritage Site in 1997. The unique and a house of diverse biodiversity of the Sundarban is not just a good to be conserved for its intrinsic value, but has a critical role in ecosystem processes that provide essential services to the country and the community living nearby. Species level traits were found to benefit a number of ecosystem services, with species abundance being particularly important for pest regulation, pollination and recreation, and species richness for timber production and freshwater fishing. It is also the hub of natural resources and beauties with several types of tourist destination which may be used as a potential tool for sustainable ecotourism promotion in future aiming one hand to protect the natural environment and cultural diversity, and on the other hand, generating a source of revenue for the local people without harming the nature. A new paradigm of management should look forward to considering climate change, ecological integrity, sustainable harvesting and ensuring continuity of the ecosystem services of the Sundarban. This paper, therefore, attempts to examine ecosystem services of the selected sites of the Sundarban in context of exploring their sustainable uses for both enhancing livelihood and promoting ecotourism.

This study aimed at examining the quality management practices of building contractors in Nakuru town and how these practices influence successful completion of projects. The study utilized the descriptive survey design where a sample of 107 building contractors was selected from the target population of 335 National Construction Authority registered building contractors in Nakuru town using the proportionate stratified sampling method. Data was collected from the selected companies using structured questionnaires, and analyzed using both descriptive and the multiple linear regression technique. Results revealed that all the four components of quality management have a statistically significant and positive relationship with successful completion of building construction projects in Nakuru town. The study recommended that building construction firm invest in quality management especially quality improvement in order to increase their rate of project completion success. Policy makers should also introduce quality management courses in the training curricular of key construction workers such as engineers and project managers so as to improve the implementation of construction projects.

In this reflexion, we want to manage the transmission channels of images (increase, multiply, limit or decrease the access path or transmission), describe possible methods of transmission and access to the image in order to have an idea about the amount of frames to send per second to maximize the information of highway during a projection in a video surveillance; especially when several stations negotiate live image at the same time. We tempted to outline the procedure of optimization of bandwidth. Multicast, multiple streams and video compression are three innovative methods that we have offered to users in order to optimize bandwidth management in the application of video surveillance. With software of video management of his choice, the user can maximize the function of his camera installations, to further profit a reduction of bandwidth requirements.

Ensuring professional insertion of graduates remains a great challenge for every government. Everywhere, we witness nowadays the promotion of a new concept, the one of entrepreneurship. In Togo whether through awareness, prospectus or mass media, people are invited to turn towards the entrepreneurship like students as well. This research is aimed at identifying the UL students’ motives to turn to private venture. To achieve this goal a questionnaire has been elaborated and administered to a 308 – student sample. The processing of data collected allowed to consider and validate eight (8) factors or dimensions which push students to turn towards the entrepreneurship; which complies with the hypothesis put forward.

Khyber is located in the northeast of the Medina, at a distance of 170 kilometers, has been a stronghold of the Jews before and during the Islamic conquest. Muslims have been able to open Khyber forts including Na'em and Al-Sa'b and Abi Alnezar then Alqmous and Aloutih and Al-Salalim. Khyber forts erected on the Arab Planning for forts and castles, which were affected in the architecture forts and castles that have spread in Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant, and the distinction of being held irregularly ribs on the rocky hills of high, clear idea disabilities through forts sloping (Tolos) on the way in Arabic, Which is to dusty slope which costs the attacking armies hardship ups and downs, so as not to easily reach the fort. The idea was to create a high-forts are difficult to climb vertical making them completely at the bottom and turned to the strengthening of curtain walls are so resistant to bombardment or digging tunnels underneath or earthquakes by increasing the thickness of construction and fencing that a thickness of at least at the top gradually rise and the use of ancient columns asourse in construction inside the walls This research addresses the architectural study of the forts and castles in Khyber, as one of the tributaries of the architectural heritage of this city, which was characterized by following the Arab architectural planning of military fortifications that had prevailed in the Arabian Peninsula since ancient times. Through two axes: the descriptive study of the forts of Khyber and analytical study, which include architectural planning and architectural elements and features of urban planning for the forts. The research aims to highlight the architectural and military importance of the forts and castles of Khyber, the study of architectural planning and architectural elements as one of the rings the evolution of Arab military fortifications. The research also follows two approaches: descriptive and analytical study of these forts, and make a comparative study between them and contemporary forts and castles to determine the architectural planning and elements, and to emphasize that these forts and castles have been affected in architecture by the forts and castles that have spread in Egypt as well as in the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant.

Today, the technology has become a substantial factor that affects a country's competitiveness and economic growth. It is considered that the classical factors of production –capital, labor, land- do not provide an efficient growth in countries without the human capital accumulation and the technology. Thus far, the literature has widely examined the interaction between economic growth and the innovation level of the countries. The main contribution of this study has been to demonstrate the impact of human accumulation and the government’s research and development (R&D) policies to patent development, which is a proxy for measuring the technological improvement. By exploiting the intensity of R&D researchers and R&D expenditure policy among 28 OECD countries in panel data for years 1998-2013, this paper provides the policy suggestions for governments by taking into consideration also the patent stock depreciation through years. According to our comparisons among pooled OLS, fixed and random effect models, the R&D expenditure policy and the patent stock have an obvious effect on the patent development of these 28 countries. Nevertheless, the R&D researchers and government researchers do not seem ensuring statistically significance. It would better for the governments to strengthen the human capital factor by applying more inclusive education policy to see its efficiency in the economic growth.

Local knowledge appropriation mechanisms are operationalized in Benin for the prevention and repair of damage caused to the environment every day. Social logics underlie these strategies of appropriation. This qualitative research has analyzed the strategies of appropriation of local knowledge on the prevention and repair of environmental damage Benin to 90 surveyed through sampling technique reasoned choice. It should be noted that the perception and practices of actors in relation to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage are lining up with social norms. Therefore, strategies to prevent and repair are based on local knowledge. Despite the advantages of these standards, they have many limitations. The participatory system of nature protection of this view needs to be strengthened.

As the HIV pandemic becomes increasingly complex and devastating in Africa, there is need to come up with better management strategies in terms of treatment, vaccine and better testing methods. However, this is getting hampered by the high diversity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1), which is brought about by high rate of replication and mutation. The occurrence of mutations leads to emergence of diverse subtypes and variants which are genetically related but distinguishable. Studies have associated the different subtypes with different clinical and public health consequences. In this study, molecular analysis of the Protease and Reverse Transcriptase gene sequences of the HIV-1 isolates from plasma samples collected from Gem sub county in western Kenya was done. Genes sequences generated were aligned with consensus sequences obtained from Los Alamos HIV Sequence database. Phylogentic analysis was then done using PAUPTM software, version 4.0. A total of 21 HIV-1 plasma isolate samples from Gem sub-county were taken for molecular analysis. The results showed several mutations in both Protease and Reverse Transcriptase gene regions. The phylogenetic analysis revealed, 16 (76.2%) of the 21 isolates analyzed to be subtype A, subtype D were 4 (19.0%), and the remaining 1 (4.8%) was circulating recombinant form, CRF_AD. Since this study revealed three different HIV-1 subtypes in Gem, it would be necessary to conduct a future study to find out the effect of these subtypes on the transmission, pathogenicity and the rate of HIV-1 disease progression in Gem sub-county, western Kenya.

Fractured aquifers of gneiss are the main drinking water sources for population living in the north area of Alépé. Neglecting geochemical monitoring of such groundwater is able to deliver water consumers taking unacceptable risks. The quality of water from bedrock in terms of taste can lead people to drink surface water whose chemical quality is lower in comparison with the reference quality. The aim of this study is to estimate the major cations concentration of gneiss groundwater in which mineralization was almost due to silicate hydrolysis. To achieve the aim in view, a study of main mineral of the gneiss aquifer was carried out and a geochemical simulation through inverse modeling by PHREEQCI code was applied on water rock process. The study showed that the main silicate minerals of gneiss that contained major cations were albite, K feldspar, plagioclases and amphibole. The dissolution mean rates of minerals able to increase groundwater mineralization by hydrolysis were 1.3 x 10-5 mol L-1 for K-feldspar, 3.8 x 10-4 mol L-1 and 1.0 x 10-4 mol L-1 for oligoclase and amphibole (ferro-tshermakite), respectively. Through these results, it shown that oligoclase would be the mineral more favourable for hydrolysis among feldspars studied in the gneiss. In gneiss groundwater, sodium was mainly supplied by oligoclase, potassium was supplied by K-feldspar and ferro-tshermakite, magnesium was supplied by ferro-tshermakite only and calcium was supplied by oligoclase and ferro-tshermakite.

Many human activities affect arthropod diversity and may threaten environmental health. Some insects may act as biological indicators based on their presence or absence in an ecosystem. The present study was conducted from 2006 to 2009 to evaluate changes in the diversity and abundance of ground Carabids following restoration activities conducted in three lowlands ecosystems that had previously experienced high levels of human pressure in Burkina Faso. Three micro-catchments were identified in the regions of Soum, Sanmatenga, and Kompienga, using a hydrographic chart of Burkina Faso. The diversity and abundance of carabids collected in pitfall traps at the beginning and end of the rainy season were compared using 2006 as a sampling reference year with restoration activities (abandonment of farming, forestation and scarification) occurring in 2007. Post-treatment surveys were conducted in the same seasons of 2008 and 2009. Forty-nine species of Carabids have been identified based on monitoring of 1800 pitfall traps. The number of species generally increased in 2008 and 2009, from 9 to 41 species in the three micro-catchments. Species richness and insect abundance definitely increased where human pressure decreased and restoration measures were successfully conducted. However, Carabid diversity increased only in Soum micro-catchment; this site seemed to be more affected by restoration. Carabids are likely to be good indicator species; reports can be prepared relatively quickly. The results are discussed in relation to the goal of developing ecologically sound tools based on bio-indicator insects that can be used for environmental management.

Heritage and cultural property in all its forms, represents people's Assembly, which passed from generation to generation, where blend the features of national character and national characteristics distinct memory. Monuments constitute an episode of cultural and civilizational evolution, and confirms that the loss of any impact, represents a great loss for all of humanity. In these circumstances, it is not surprising to find that the war took a pose on the monuments and their value, as destroying monuments and cultural property and heritage of many countries, under the pretext of military necessity. If the media play a national and a national responsibility, especially in the countries and communities in which they locked in a comprehensive counter neo-colonialism and regional and international instruments, as is happening today in many of the Arab world countries, the media transformed by necessity into high-impact strength, and be one of the priorities of its duties is not pumping breaking news field or the immediate prosecution of media hostile lies and refutes it by video and audio and documents, but also to defend the national patriotic memory components, particularly the inherited cultural and civilizational heritage, and thus defend the threatened destruction, mutilation identity. Instead of the media system's active role in the definition of heritage and civilization, and to contribute to influencing the preservation of identity and the consolidation of its components in society, it ignore little by little these components, although the deliberate destruction of Antiquities and places of worship and works of art is a manifestation of slipping into the abyss of the overall cultural war. This research deals with the role of media in protecting the heritage and cultural property, and aims to highlight: the dire consequences and the risks to the wealth of civilization and culture in the Arab countries, including Iraq (for example), which took the forms in a systematic destruction of historical monuments and religious sites. Controlled by the western media and western agencies bias against the Arab countries, and the control of news sources pictured on the Arab news, and the role of media outreach, in the face of the impact of satellite television and hostile Internet and social networks, and other media dominant, which has become a large part of which poses a threat to national identity. It follows a descriptive approach through the extrapolation of the definition of cultural property, treaties and conventions organized to protect them in situations of armed conflict, and to monitor the destruction of Iraqi cultural property solution, as follows analytical method to determine the role of new media in the protection of cultural properties.

This study was motivated by the poor performance of students in science (biology) in WAEC and NECO examinations. Research showed that conflicts exist between science and students perceptions of science which results in students developing misconceptions in science, eventually leading to low performance of students in external examinations. As a result, the need to study ecological misconceptions as a major topic in biology syllabus became paramount. The focus of this was to find out the misconceptions held by students in ecology, to determine if sex, cultural background and school type have influence on students conception on ecological concepts. Based on this, four schools were chosen from urban centre and two schools were chosen from the rural location. A total of 246 students participated and two-tier diagnostic questionnaire with 20 items was used as the research instrument. Hypotheses were tested using t-test with 0.05 level of significance. Analysis was done using SPSS and the results showed that students holt much much misconceptions in the tested concepts, and that these misconceptions were not different by sex, but are significantly different by cultural backgrounds and school types with a higher misconceptions existing amongst students in rural and public secondary schools. In sum, improving teaching techniques could ameliorate the challenges inherent with understanding of scientific phenomenon.

The evolution of the riversides of wadis, Rdat, Zat and Tensift, depends, principally, on the intensity of floods and inundations generated by torrential rains slaughtered at the level of north mountainside of High - Atlas of Marrakech. The climatic conditions makes of the valleys of the wadis studied favorable zones to floods and to the degradation of the soil. From 21 to 23 November 2014, violent torrential storms, attaining 250 mm in few hours, beat down on the very high peaks of High - Atlas of Marrakech. They have resulted in impressive floods of different wadis that originate in high altitudes. Hurtling down the slopes up to the plains of the Haouz, the Muddy Waters, at high load solid, have carted the soils, trees, crops, houses and road infrastructure.The riversides of the wadis have not escaped this destruction. This degradation of soils, orchards and olive groves can be observed and analyzed by the satellite images and the field studies. As well, we proceeded to a treatment of images with the GIS tools using satellite images of Google Earth at high resolution and the Landsat images(missions of October and December 2014) with a resolution of 30m and 15m (panchromatic band). To highlight the vegetative cover of alluvial plains and its evolution in bare soil during the flood, we have represented the bands the ratios 6/7, 6/5 and 4/2 respectively in red, green and blue using the software ENVI. The analysis of the risk linked to the degradation of the banks of wadis in the study area, revealed three main processes of degradation; the erosion due to the current under the effect of the water, the landslide in mass after a quick drop in the water level and the collapse. The results obtained are very interesting and can be very useful for the understanding and the good management of water hazards and more specifically to the phenomenon of soil degradation.

Today and especially in large companies, internal communication emerges as an important strategic asset. Internal communication is a management assistance tool. It cannot be designed or performed independently. It evolves with the organization and through it. It seems essential to give importance to men because it is they who make the company and not the reverse. This importance is manifest as listening and optimal internal communication that passes through the achievement of many goals for the business. Hence the interest of this article summarizes a study in a Moroccan organization. This investigation concerns the internal communication within an organization operating in the field of insurance. This is achieved diagnosis to identify some strengths and weaknesses in order to propose ways forward in internal communication system. The objective is to make an inventory of the existing while analyzing communication needs. The methodology to carry out this study is as follows: first a pre investigation comprised interviews and a questionnaire 1. The goal was to test the waters to collect the interviewees felt about the internal communication. This step is fundamental because it is a transitional phase to the second experimental stage, which is structured around two in the first steps that the TGN (The nominal group technique) to be followed by a questionnaire 2. The three investigative tools used in this study will be a return of the collected data will be opened, analyzed and interpreted in terms of impact and delete on the internal communication process.

An Agronomic test of a period of eighteen month, was conducted in the town of Bonoua, to study the effect of organic fertilizer on the vegetative growth of immature plants of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis Müll Arg.), and the effect on chemical soil characteristics. A randomized complete block (BCR) of eight treatments and three repetitions, using two sources of organic manure with three levels of doses each, has been set up. The data on the growth unit (CPU), the diameter of the scion (DS) and the height (H) of plants, were observed every six months, starting from the implementation of the tests. Soil samples were also collected, with the same frequencies for analysis. The results showed that, on chemical soil characteristics, some differences relative to control without fertilizers, thus indicating some improved effects of the two types of compost on the studied soil, concerning pH, organic matter content and the cation exchange capacity. Unlike the cow manure-based compost, the increasing of the dose of compost made from chicken droppings resulted lesser effects on soil pH. Vegetative growth in plant height and diameter of the scion were also improved respectively with 24.45% and 15.60%, compared to the control (without fertilizer), through the used of 1.2 t ha-1 of compost of chicken manure. So, under the conditions of this study, this manure, at this level, can be recommended on immature rubber plants.

The study figure outs perceptions of secondary school head teachers in ICT integration in enhancing pedagogies in Pakistan with focus on Balochistan Province. This was a qualitative study with having twelve head teachers as research participants while interviews, informal talks and focused group discussion were used as data collection tools. It is observed from the findings that most of the head teachers had positive perceptions about integration of ICTs into day to day teaching and learning practices. In addition the head teachers although revealed many hindrances in the way of integration of ICT into teaching and learning practices but there existed a significant optimistic approach, at the end of schools’ head teachers, for having considered many enablers for promoting ICT integration for improved pedagogical practices at schools. Their effective leadership role was found to be the man enabler in this regard.

This research paper investigates the extent of training effectiveness as perceived by the participant farmers of Nobojibon Program, a rehabilitation program for the disaster affected people of Bangladesh. The specific objectives of the study were to determine and describe the extent of effectiveness of Trainings as perceived by the participant farmers of Nobojibon Program and to explore the relationship between each of the selected characteristics of the trainees/farmers and effectiveness of training programs. Data for the study were collected by personal interviewing from 120 randomly selected farmers of six Unions of Kalapara Upazila of Patuakhali district during the period of March 01, 2015 to April 15, 2015. Here 60 male and 60 female farmers were purposively taken. Pearson’s product moment correlation co-efficient were computed to examine the relationship between the concerned variables. The effectiveness of training scores of the respondents ranged from 83 to 244 with an average being 163.66 and standard deviation 35.05. It was found that more than fifty percent (50.83) of the farmers had medium level of effectiveness of training compared to 27.5 percent of them having less effectiveness and 21.67 percent, high effectiveness. Out of ten independent variables, six of them, that is years of farm size, communication exposure, innovativeness, cosmopoliteness, economic motivation and commercialization had significant positive relationships with their effectiveness of training. Four independent variables i.e. age, education, annual family income and organizational participation had no significant relationship with their effectiveness of training.

Introduction: There have been only few data published reporting the clinical or pathological features of bladder cancer in Tunisia. Muscle invasive bladder is characterized by poor outcome despite systemic therapy. We aim to report the epidemiological, clinicopathological features and treatment of invasive bladder cancer in a Tunisian population. Materials and methods: A total of 141 patients diagnosed with invasive bladder cancer were included in the analysis. Data were collected and correlated with overall survival (OS). Kaplan Meier survival analysis was used to evaluate the median survival time and survivals were compared by the log-rank test. Results: Median age at diagnosis was 63 years old. Sex ratio was 14.6. Median follow-up duration was 22 months. Smoking was the most important risk factor in our series (81.6%) of cases followed by occupational exposure. Hematuria was the most common symptom reported in 93.6% of cases. Urothelial bladder carcinoma was the most common histologic subtype representing 93.5% of cases. Only 61 patients underwent curative surgery, followed by adjuvant gemcitabine-based chemotherapy in 32 cases. TNM staging was the most significant prognostic factor in our population (p<0.001). Median overall survival of the organ confined group was 60 months, in the locally advanced group was 36 months and in the metastatic group was 12 months (p<0.001). Conclusions: The increasing incidence of bladder cancer is due to ongoing high prevalence of smoking, which represents the main risk factor. Therefore primary prevention is crucial. Bladder cancer remains diagnosed in Tunisia at locally advanced and/or metastatic stages impairing the prognosis.

This paper discusses eating habits among the people of Abora Traditional Area in the Abura Asebu Kwamankese, Central Region of Ghana. The discussion focuses on Cultural etiquettes or values and examines how the people of the Abora Traditional Area consider eating as a social phenomenon; norms associated with eating, who to eat with, at what place, when to eat, what to eat by some categories of people and so on. The paper also touches on some beliefs the people have on eating. How people should conduct themselves when eating will also receive attention in the discussion. Through observations, discussions and interviews among selected villages and elderly folks in the area, the author Some specific situation(s) will be highlighted to unveils how the people of Abora Traditional area recognises eating as a perfect social behaivour.

We report the case of a 27-year-old lady with psychiatric history, presented to dermatological consultation with 6 years, ambiguous history of recurrent skin ulcerations on her members, abdomen, chest and face, the cause of which she could not explain. Examination revealed different age lesions: erosive lesions of one to two centimeters, with net borders coexisting with crusted lesions and scarring hyper pigmented lesions situated on accessible parts of the body. No general signs accompanied these lesions and laboratory testing was normal. The diagnosis of dermatitis artefacta was raised, motivating a deepening interrogation that revealed psychosocial and interpersonal difficulties. Abandoned by her husband, who had married a second wife for six years (date of appearance of lesions). She was also accused to be responsible of repeated miscarriages of the second wife, and then repudiated without her 3 children who are abused by the second wife. Her psychiatric evaluation revealed a severe depression without psychotic symptoms. The recommended psychiatric treatment (psychotherapy and antidepressant medication) could not be conducted because she had broken up the medical following.

Head and neck cancer is the most common cancer in developing countries. The concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) was a standard care for patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma. So, the aim of the present retrospective study was to assess the efficacy and toxicity of the radical concurrent chemo-radiotherapy in head and neck cancer patients and to identify the prognostic and therapeutic factors affecting the outcome. This current study included 102 patients receiving radical radiotherapy concurrently with chemotherapy (Cisplatin, paclitaxel, and Docetaxel plus Cisplatin). These data were collected from the databases at South Egypt Cancer Institute and Assuit University Hospital. In these patients, the sites of tumor were in the following descending order: larynx (65.7%), the oral cavity (16.7%), the hypopharynx (14.7%) and oropharynx (2.9%). The tumor stage IV was recorded in 83 patients (81.4%). The loco-regional control after the treatment was 74.5%. The median follow up was 12 months. The 2-year overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) were 26.7% and 23% respectively. The prognostic factors that were significantly associated with the tumor response were the tumor stage, the histopathologic grade, the radiation dose and radiation treatment time. The primary tumor site was the only significant independent prognostic factor affecting both OS and PFS and the radiation technique significantly affected OS but not PFS. The hazard ratio was considered in the significant prognostic factors to determine the importance of factor levels. The most common treatment toxicities recorded were for mucositis (29.4%), dysphagia (28.4%) and skin reaction (21.6%).

Angles and lengths of a triangle engaged the mathematicians from historical time. The branch of mathematics that resulted from these studies is now known as Trigonometry. The discovery that lengths of a right angled triangle and the angles between them have a definite relationship led to the invention of trigonometric functions. The determination of values of various trigonometric functions like sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, cosecant and secant for various angles in four quarters of a circle was a challenging task. Various methods and tables were generated for determining these values. Efforts were made to invent various devices for these measurements. There exist various U.S. patents [1-7] based on devices developed to visualize, teach and calculate values of various trigonometric functions. In the present paper, we are reporting a very accurate, economic, simple, and portable device designed for measuring the values of Trigonometric functions. The patent application number for the reported device is 1068/DEL/2015. The device consists of (i) a unit radius circular disc (with 360o angle scale indication on its circumference of 1o accuracy, X- and Y-linear scales markings with accuracy of 0.01 unit and marking of four quadrants of the circle), (ii) a corresponding linear scale with positive marking, (iii) a corresponding linear scale with negative marking and (iv) a blank transparent strip. The device can directly measure all the six trigonometric identities (sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, cosecant and secant) for any value of angle up to the accuracy of 0.01 units just by measurement of only one parameter on one of the provided scale by appropriately placing it on Trig Disc along with blank linear strip in respective quadrants. Single measurement on a linear scale and no division or calculations of values is main feature of the device.

In order to succeed in physics especially in the Nigerian educational system, students must expand an understanding of abstract concepts. Elementary instructors often use manipulatives to represent concretely the abstract concepts that students are learning and to connect these concepts to previous knowledge as relates to physics. Traditionally, instructors and learners used concrete manipulatives, however, in many contemporary classrooms instructors and students also use manipulatives (pictorial and virtual). This review article will begin by defining, and providing examples and potential applications of manipulatives. Next, this review article will present the theoretical foundations and importance for teachers and students to use manipulatives in physics education in Nigerian educational system. Finally, this review article will review the literature on the impacts of teachers and students using physics manipulatives. The authors hope that this review article reveals the factors and conditions that may contribute to instructors’ and learners successes and struggles with use the manipulatives.

The amount of data in this world has been exploding and expanding at an astounding rate. There is data coming in from almost every possible source. This data has to be carefully monitored and utilized in order to draw meaningful conclusions. For this sole purpose, analysis is done. Analysis of data makes it usable and transparent. This enables people with almost no technical knowledge understand the significance of the data captured. This paper focuses on the implementation of a medium for real-time graphical representation of data transmitted by IoT devices using favorable transmission process depending on the device. The medium chosen for this purpose is a website with a friendly user interface which makes it easy for people to study data, understand its importance and utilize it accordingly.