The Covid-19 pandemic has sent shock waves through everyone around the world. For the first time, all states are confronted at the same time by the same fear, the coronavirus. The resulting crisis has shed light on certain questions in the debate on international relations which will constitute the essence of discussions between researchers after the pandemic: the rise of China, the crisis of multilateralism, the geopolitical competition between China and the United States, the role of the state in globalization. In addition, by a constructivist approach, we tried to describe the current international system. Dominated by the military factor, we wanted to integrate the «neo-referentials», new factors of systemic analysis which, not always taken into account during analyzes, fundamentally already structure the international system: globalized interdependence, the geopolitical competition between China and the United States as well as the Chinoitisation are some among them.

This This paper presents the study of an ESP32-assisted instrument for geolocation and detection of child ECG. The aim is to highlight the ingenuity and interest of the proposed instrument. This instrument differs from most similar products in existence by its multiple geolocation features of the child based on a GPS module (Ex: Type NEO-6M-0-001), and telemetry of the child's heart rate by ECG probe (e.g. type AD8232). Analog-to-digital conversion and digital processing of vital GPS and ECG signals on the child’s body is a microcontroller mini-card (e.g. ESP32), which then transmits digitally reconstructed vital parameters via a computer. The algorithm of the proposed instrument, is implemented using the CAD software Arduino/EDI - C++, followed by the download of the executable code on target ESP32 and the real-time test successfully on a child model of 1 year 6 months. Local measurement and monitoring results of geolocation and acquisition of ECG are satisfactory. We plan to extend the local virtual monitoring technology of this new instrument, to cases of mobile Android targets via the Internet.

The objective of this work is to demonstrate the quality of Ampicillin used alongside and in the health centers by the population of Niamey city by using Thin Layer Chromatography method to compare the results achieved in order to contribute to informed decision-making for possible interventions. This comparison aimed to investigate the quality of on eleven samples distributed as follows which five samples are from pharmacies, five samples are from street vendors and one sample specialty used as reference to check the quality control of them. The different reagents used are: Hydrochloric acid (HCl) 32-36%, acetone, distilled water, ethyl acetate and acetic acid. All samples migrated in proposed diluent. This shows that all samples contain the active ingredient substance of ampicillin. The percentage of the active ingredient were calculated as per protocol of Clarke’s analysis of drugs and poisons in chemistry guidelines. It varies from 89,46 to 94,73 for pharmacies and street vendors.According to the results of the different frontal reports, sixty percent of Ampicillin products purchased from each side contains the percentage of active ingredient recommended by WHO.This technique of quality control can be used for practical work or tutorial and laboratories where drug quality control mechanism is not often checked.

The aim of this research is to control the quality of Ciprofloxacin used alongside and in the health centers and sold in Niamey city by using Thin Layer Chromatography method to compare the results achieved in order to contribute to informed decision-making for possible interventions. This research aimed to investigate on eleven samples distributed as follows which five samples are from pharmacies, five samples are from street vendors and one sample specialty used as reference to check the quality control of them. The different reagents used are: Methanol, Dichloromethane, Ammonia at 260gL-1 or Pure ammonia, Acetonitrile and 0.1 M NaOH. The migration of all the samples in proposed diluent shows that all of them contain the active ingredient of ciprofloxacin. The percentage of the active ingredient were calculated as per protocol of Clarke’s analysis of drugs and poisons in chemistry guidelines. It varies from 90.90 to 109.09 for pharmacies and 98.18 to 106.35 for the street vendors.According to the results of the different frontal reports, each sample contains the percentage of active principle recommended by WHO which is 90 to 110 % of active ingredient recommended by WHO.This technique of quality control can be used for practical work or tutorial and laboratories where drug quality control mechanism is not often checked.

This article highlights the determinants of the choice of strategies of adaptation of users in a context of discontinuity of the water distribution of the public service network in Yopougon military camp. Data collection focused on administering a questionnaire to 384 selected water-connected households. The neighbourhood was reconfigured into three homogeneous areas for sample construction. Thus, 128 heads of households were surveyed by sector. The study reveals that domestic users of the public water service practice the storage of water, the water vigil, the purchase of water at retail and the use of the suppressor as compensatory strategies to the discontinuity of the service. Statistical analyses of bi-variate by Pearson and Fisher Chi-2 tests have concluded that the level of vertical housing positioning, income and household size socio-determinants economic and environmental factors influencing the choice of alternative practices.

Vegetation in northern Côte d’Ivoire is facing strong pressure of human activities and climate change. The aim of this study is to analyze floristic diversity, woody vegetation structure and conservation value of village forest relics in Korhogo department. For this purpose, a surface inventory has been carried out in plots of 625 m² (25 x 25 m²). The relative importance of flora has been assessed through Indices Value Importance (IVI) and Rare Species and Families. Vegetation structure was studied through woody density, burrow surface and diametric structure. A total of 107 species divided into 80 genera, which include 30 families was obtained. The most important families are Fabaceae, Rubiaceae and Combretaceae. Flora of these forests relics is also characterized by the presence of species of special status, including one endemic to West African forest block. Eight species are ecological importance (Daniellia oliveri (IVI = 26.90), Piliostigma thonningii (IVI = 19.24), Pericopsis laxiflora (IVI = 18.33), Vitellaria paradoxa (IVI = 18.87), Anogeissus leiocarpus (IVI = 16.69), Terminalia glaucescens (IVI = 13.26), Detarium microcarpum (IVI = 12.48) and Parkia biglobosa (IVI = 10.32)). Density of 884 plantes/ha and basal area mean (12.82 m²/ha) are indicators of good level of conservation of forested formations of these relics. The diametric structure of the vegetation has an «inverted J» shows a predominance of small diameter individuals. Efforts to conserve endemic, rare and endangered species and to manage these village forests sustainably must be a priority for local populations and local authorities.

Conservative foreclosures are those where measures are applied both as a precaution and as a means of pressure against the debtor. To this end, OHADA has therefore provided that in voluntary execution, any creator can, whatever the nature of his debt, force his defaulting debtor to perform his obligations to his follow-up or a precautionary measure to ensure the safeguard of his rights. This is the case for remunerations that can be entered following the prior conciliation procedure and not a direct entry.