The importance of pest birds and their identities are still poorly understood by Congolese farmers, yet they cause significant damage to crops. The main objective of this study was to assess the damage caused by predatory birds on the sowing, germination, and vigor at emergence of three staple crops: maize (Zea mays), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), and rice (Oryza sativa), under the ecological conditions of Kinshasa/Mont-Amba. Our results showed significant differences in damage during sowing, with a notable average of 40% more damage to maize compared to rice and peanuts, and an average of 48% for rice, leading to a general average of 106% damage across the three crops at emergence. For developing seedlings, a remarkable average of 44% damage was observed in maize. A preliminary identification of predatory birds was also conducted. The bird species recorded during this study include: Quelea quelea (red-billed weaver), Ploceus cucullatus (masked weaver), Passer luteus (yellow sparrow), Quelea erythrops (red-headed weaver), Ploceus spp., Lonchura cucullata, and the crow. The experimental work revealed considerable damage caused by birds to maize, peanut, and rice crops in Kinshasa. Finally, the promotion of appropriate anti-bird control methods would be an effective means of rational management of pest bird populations for these crops, which would consequently help reduce their damage.

This study focuses on the analysis of tourist offers and demand in the recreational sites of the commune of N’sele in Kinshasa. Indeed, tourism contributes to the development of cities led by specialist managers and/or enlightened, visionary, environmentalist leaders, endowed with irreproachable moral probity and informed on the environmental issues of the development of sustainable tourism. Furthermore, the commune of N’sele in the city of Kinshasa, although having the natural resources necessary for tourism, does not take advantage of it as it should, in terms of effective development of tourism. However, to conduct this study, a methodological approach was used with the use of the systemic approach, documentary analysis, observation, interviews, field surveys by questionnaire with semi-open questions. The sample of 490 tourists was drawn probabilistically within three categories of recreational sites. Manual and computer processing using software (Microsoft office 2016 and SPSS 22) allowed the processing, presentation, analysis of the results, followed by literary and scientific interpretations. It results from this study that the tourist offers and demand are weak, precarious, random or faltering in these recreational spaces studied. Only the sites of category A and some of type B have at least attractive offers but they are poorly frequented and the revenues do not really meet the understanding of the owners of the sites. Moreover, the comparison of these results with those of other cities or countries engaged in this sector, ours do not represent much. This is why it is imperative that Kinshasa sites opt for modern and sustainable developments, which remain an imperative, the application of managerial strategies, e-tourism, geomarketing, the organization of events, the green price, awareness of tourist culture, the valorization of staff so that these sites are more competitive, attractive and efficient.

The comparative study on the use of lattice towers versus conical monopods in SNEL SA’s high-voltage transmission network is of paramount importance in determining the conditions for safety, reliability, operation and maintenance. The main aim is to overcome the growing phenomenon of vandalism, such as the theft of galvanized angles, bolts, copper conductors and earth counterweight wires from electrical infrastructures, which leads to the collapse of lattice towers and the unavailability of SNEL SA’s power transmission lines. The use of polygonal monopole towers offers the following advantages: aesthetic, can be installed in urban areas, small footprint, one-day installation, reduced number of parts for assembly, low maintenance costs spread over several years, resistance to acts of vandalism, no natural aggression and environmental impact. The complete construction cost of one kilometer of line (ratio) is 1.25 k€/km for the conical monopod as opposed to 1 k€/km for the lattice tower, i.e. a 20% difference in investment.

Nutritional deficiencies in iron and zinc remain real public health problems for children in the town of Maroua in the Far North of Cameroon despite it has being a dairy production area. The availability of foods rich in micronutrients including the combination of some of these foods could help to improve coverage of children's nutritional needs. The objective of this work was to formulate a milk product locally called kossam and rice porridge enriched with baobab fruit pulp to cover the nutritional needs in iron and zinc of children in the city of Maroua-Cameroon. A weekly food consumption survey was carried out in the town of Maroua after which samples of the different foods consumed by the children were taken and weighed. The most consumed products (kossam) and rice porridge have been enriched in various doses with baobab fruit pulp powder, resulting in improved products approved by sensory analyses. Sensory analyzes were determined following standard protocols. Sensory parameters revealed a higher panelist preference for the kossam F530 formulation (4.75) not significantly different (p ˃ 0.05) from the preference for the standard F550 (5.00). Also, a non-significant difference (p ˃ 0.05) regarding the general appreciation of the formulation of rice porridge (5.00) and ordinary rice porridge (4.63). Iron and zinc experienced a significant increase in levels (p ˂ 0.05). The daily diet of children coupled with the consumption of the F530 formulation and the formulated porridge makes it possible to cover 100% of children's daily iron requirements, and 51.03% coverage of children's daily zinc requirements.

Since the outbreak of the military-political crisis of 2002, gold panning has experienced a new dynamic in Ivory Coast. This activity generates significant income for gold miners. Although it has positive effects, it also has negative effects. Indeed, its illegal nature not only exposes gold miners to legal proceedings, but also to various difficulties, notably accidents. This study aims to map the difficulties encountered by gold miners in carrying out their activity. The study was initially based on a review of previous writings related to the subject. Additional information was then collected through field missions to 220 gold miners spread across seven localities in the study area. The main results of this research revealed that gold panning is structured around several small activities. These are digging, collecting and washing. This activity is part of a strategy to diversify the sources of income of farmers (26%), traders (51%), mechanics (6%), pupils and students (17%). Furthermore, gold miners are exposed to numerous accentogenic risks sometimes leading to loss of human life (17%). The majority (68%) of accident cases concern injuries. Other risks such as landslides (12%) and asphyxia (3%) were also mentioned by the gold miners interviewed.

This study aims to understand the difficulties related to the management of women’s tontine associations in Côte d’Ivoire, more specifically in the department of Katiola. Indeed, tontines represent a powerful tool for financial empowerment for women thanks to flexibility in collective contributions. Thus, the study used quantitative and qualitative methods, including a questionnaire addressed to tontine women and interviews with local authorities and financial structures. This study took into account data collected from desk research and field surveys. The field survey questioned 334 tontine farms surveyed in eleven (11) localities of the Department of Katiola. The results reveal that 92.20% have not received any literacy training. As far as poultry farming techniques are concerned, only 5.70% have been trained. Also, tontines (64.40%) have followed other types of training not specified in the data provided. In addition, they also have to face several difficulties, including recurrent disputes in tontine associations, difficult access to credit for tontines from formal financial structures, the risk of mismanagement and difficulties in the management of funds. In addition, with the emergence of the Village Associations for Employment and Cooperation (VSLAs), the Support Fund for Women of Côte d’Ivoire (FAFCI) and the IFEF (Institute for Training and Women’s Education), financial and social assistance is provided to effectively manage tontine structures.