An investigation into the design of a standalone photovoltaic water pumping system for supplying rural areas is presented. It includes a study of system components and their modelling. The PV water pumping system comprises a solar cell array, DC DC buck chopper and permanent magnet DC motor driving a centrifugal pump. Thesis focuses on increasing energy extraction by improving maximum power point tracking (MPPT). P&O MPPT algorithm is investigated which uses to automatically adjust stepsize to better track maximum power point. These use PV source output power and the speed of the DC pump motor as input variables. Both generate pulse width modulation (PWM) control signals to continually adjust the buck converter to maximize power from the PV array, and thus motor speed and the water discharge rate of a centrifugal pump. System elements are individually modelled in MATLAB/SIMULINK and then connected to assess performance under different PV irradiation levels. First, the MP&O MPPT technique is compared with the conventional direct method .The results show that the MP&O MPPT has faster dynamic response and eliminates oscillations around the MPPT under steady state conditions. The MPPT methods are implemented in the simulated PV water pumping system and compared. The results confirm that the new methods have improved energy extraction and dynamic tracking compared with simpler methods.

The title crystal was grown from ethanol solvent by slow evaporation method. In order to good quality of crystals involved various analytical techniques. The crystal structure was verified by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) and structural purity was revealed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The functional group of the grown crystal was examined by FTIR spectrum. From the UV-Visible spectrum, grown crystal found that there is no absorption in the entire visible region. Thermal stability of the grown crystal was identified by TGA-DTA and DSC studies. The physical stability of the grown crystal was measured by Vicker’s microhardness studies. The Nonlinear optical eccentric was evaluated by Kurtz-Perry powder technique.