Artisanal gold mining in Mukungwe is a vital activity for local socio-economic stability and the development of South Kivu province, with an estimated annual production of 70 kilograms of gold. Before its boom around 1960, the area boasted a forest and aquatic ecosystem rich in biodiversity. However, the intensification of mining activities has led to significant environmental degradation and socio-health disruptions. In this context, where gold mining coexists with agro-pastoral activities, the perceptions of mining impacts by both artisanal miners and non-miners remain poorly documented. This study aimed to gather their perceptions of the environmental and socio-health effects of gold mining in Mukungwe. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 112 participants (70 artisanal miners and 42 non-miners) using a questionnaire. Furthermore, the records of the Mukungwe Health Center were consulted for the period from June to December 2012. The results indicate a markedly negative perception regarding school dropout rates, an increase in illnesses, the discharge of mercury, cyanide, and mining effluents into the Nantanda and Kalazi rivers, as well as the loss of forests and wildlife. Inadequate protective equipment and the health risks associated with mining wastewater are also highlighted. Conversely, some social achievements (improved spring, schools, health center, 15 km road) are perceived positively. The study recommends sustainable and responsible mining practices that include reforestation of degraded areas.