Agricultural practices must adapt to meet environmental, climatic, food, social and economic challenges. Agriculture must move towards new forms of resources that improve productivity and protect the environment. This study will highlight the fertilizing potential of termite mounds and anthill. Physicochemical and microbiological analyses of the termite and ant farm soils were carried out. These soils are of silty type. The average content of assimilable phosphorus is higher in the ant farm soils than in the termite farm soils. The termite mound soils have a good biological activity compared to the ant farm soils. The physico-chemical nature of the analyzed soils has an influence on the spore density of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. This density is highest in the anthill soil. However, it did not have a significant effect on the nodulation of cowpea plants. As Rhizobiums, 6 morphotypes were identified, 4 were present in the termite mound soil and 2 in the anthill soil. The termite mound and ant farm soils could be used to improve the chemical and biological composition of soils and contribute to fertility restoration.