Irrigated crops are the government's preferred option for combating the quasi-structural food insecurity in rural Niger. These crops are developing in a context of degradation of natural resources, especially water and land, the main factors of production. In the rural commune of Dan Barto and in the other rural communities of Niger, the increase of the yields must pass by an efficient control of these principal resources. This study, which focuses on the evolution of water and land resources, aims to analyze the evolution factors seen by local populations in order to promote irrigation in the area. The methodology was based on an analysis of quantitative and qualitative data collected in the field using an interview guide and a questionnaire. Two types of interview (individual and focus group) allowed the collection of data. The main results show that the Dan Barto site exploits surface water. This resource has evolved according to the majority of farmers. Irregular rainfall and silting are the main causes. With regard to the land, it is the mode of access that knows an evolution, diversifying around the inheritance.