Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial infection sexually transmitted around the world. It is a public health problem in Africa and in Cameroon in particular causing infertility. The aim of our study was to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors associated with this infection in a population of women who spontaneously referred to the district hospital in Nkoldongo, Yaounde. Assay of IgG and IgM anti Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies in each serum was performed using ELISA method with the test kit provided by Biologicals General Corp Laboratories. The results were as follows: 41 women out of 182 with a prevalence of 22.52 CI95% (16.45-28.5) were tested positive for Chlamydia trachomatis. In our study 23.08% of women were infertile and the prevalence of infection (10.43% CI95% 6-14.8) among them is statistically higher than in the 3 others groups (antenatal care, premarital and contraception). Women less than 23 years of age were the most exposed to this infection with a prevalence of 6.04% CI95% (2.64-9.44), though the relationship between age and Chlamydia trachomatis was not statistically significant (p>0,05). However, the influence of Chlamydia trachomatis on infertility was statistically significant (p<0, 05). Moreover, the education profile of the patients also had a significant influence on the infection (p<0, 05). Low level of education is the only risk factor associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection in this study.