In Niger, artisanal and scale mining contributes to reducing the poverty of populations in rural areas by injecting considerable monetary income but creates many environmental problems. This study aims to analyze the environmental impacts of artisanal and small-scale mining at the Aouzegueur mining sector, with a view to helping reduce the environmental risks associated with the activity. The methodological approach consisted of field observations, surveys and interviews with stakeholders directly or indirectly associated with gold mining. Furthermore, a diachronic analysis of changes in the landscape of the Aouzegueur sector was carried out on the basis of satellite images. The results show, on the one hand, a significant regression in the areas of natural vegetation, hills and rocky terrain in favor of sand dunes. On the other hand, they show that gold mining has considerable negative impacts in the study area, particularly on soil, water, air, fauna and flora. Implementing an effective environmental management plan will limit the impacts of gold mining activities on these environmental components.