[ التراث المعماري للقلاع والحصون العربية في خيبر (المملكة العربية السعودية) ]
Volume 27, Issue 1, October 2016, Pages 39–49
Mahmoud Ahmed Darwish1
1 Professor of Islamic Archaeology, Faculty of Arts - Minia University, Egypt
Original language: Arabic
Copyright © 2016 ISSR Journals. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Khyber is located in the northeast of the Medina, at a distance of 170 kilometers, has been a stronghold of the Jews before and during the Islamic conquest. Muslims have been able to open Khyber forts including Na'em and Al-Sa'b and Abi Alnezar then Alqmous and Aloutih and Al-Salalim. Khyber forts erected on the Arab Planning for forts and castles, which were affected in the architecture forts and castles that have spread in Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant, and the distinction of being held irregularly ribs on the rocky hills of high, clear idea disabilities through forts sloping (Tolos) on the way in Arabic, Which is to dusty slope which costs the attacking armies hardship ups and downs, so as not to easily reach the fort. The idea was to create a high-forts are difficult to climb vertical making them completely at the bottom and turned to the strengthening of curtain walls are so resistant to bombardment or digging tunnels underneath or earthquakes by increasing the thickness of construction and fencing that a thickness of at least at the top gradually rise and the use of ancient columns asourse in construction inside the walls This research addresses the architectural study of the forts and castles in Khyber, as one of the tributaries of the architectural heritage of this city, which was characterized by following the Arab architectural planning of military fortifications that had prevailed in the Arabian Peninsula since ancient times. Through two axes: the descriptive study of the forts of Khyber and analytical study, which include architectural planning and architectural elements and features of urban planning for the forts. The research aims to highlight the architectural and military importance of the forts and castles of Khyber, the study of architectural planning and architectural elements as one of the rings the evolution of Arab military fortifications. The research also follows two approaches: descriptive and analytical study of these forts, and make a comparative study between them and contemporary forts and castles to determine the architectural planning and elements, and to emphasize that these forts and castles have been affected in architecture by the forts and castles that have spread in Egypt as well as in the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant.
Author Keywords: forts of Khyber, Medina, fortifications.
Volume 27, Issue 1, October 2016, Pages 39–49
Mahmoud Ahmed Darwish1
1 Professor of Islamic Archaeology, Faculty of Arts - Minia University, Egypt
Original language: Arabic
Copyright © 2016 ISSR Journals. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Khyber is located in the northeast of the Medina, at a distance of 170 kilometers, has been a stronghold of the Jews before and during the Islamic conquest. Muslims have been able to open Khyber forts including Na'em and Al-Sa'b and Abi Alnezar then Alqmous and Aloutih and Al-Salalim. Khyber forts erected on the Arab Planning for forts and castles, which were affected in the architecture forts and castles that have spread in Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant, and the distinction of being held irregularly ribs on the rocky hills of high, clear idea disabilities through forts sloping (Tolos) on the way in Arabic, Which is to dusty slope which costs the attacking armies hardship ups and downs, so as not to easily reach the fort. The idea was to create a high-forts are difficult to climb vertical making them completely at the bottom and turned to the strengthening of curtain walls are so resistant to bombardment or digging tunnels underneath or earthquakes by increasing the thickness of construction and fencing that a thickness of at least at the top gradually rise and the use of ancient columns asourse in construction inside the walls This research addresses the architectural study of the forts and castles in Khyber, as one of the tributaries of the architectural heritage of this city, which was characterized by following the Arab architectural planning of military fortifications that had prevailed in the Arabian Peninsula since ancient times. Through two axes: the descriptive study of the forts of Khyber and analytical study, which include architectural planning and architectural elements and features of urban planning for the forts. The research aims to highlight the architectural and military importance of the forts and castles of Khyber, the study of architectural planning and architectural elements as one of the rings the evolution of Arab military fortifications. The research also follows two approaches: descriptive and analytical study of these forts, and make a comparative study between them and contemporary forts and castles to determine the architectural planning and elements, and to emphasize that these forts and castles have been affected in architecture by the forts and castles that have spread in Egypt as well as in the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant.
Author Keywords: forts of Khyber, Medina, fortifications.
Abstract: (arabic)
تقع خيبر في الشمال الشرقي للمدينة المنورة، على مسافة (170) كيلو مترا، وقد كانت معقلا لليهود قبل وأثناء الفتح الإسلامي. وقد استطاع المسلمون فتح حصون خيبر ومنها حصن ناعم والصعب وأبي النزار ثم حصن القموص وحصن الوطيح وحصن السلالم. أقيمت حصون خيبر على التخطيط العربي للحصون والقلاع، حيث تأثرت في عمارتها بالحصون والقلاع التي انتشرت في مصر وشبه الجزيرة العربية وبلاد الشام، وتميزت بأنها أقيمت غير منتظمة الأضلاع على تلال صخرية مرتفعة، وتتضح فكرة الإعاقة من خلال الحصون المنحدرة (Tolos) على الطريقة العربية والتي تتمثل في المنحدر الترابي الذي يكلف الجيوش المهاجمة مشقة الهبوط والصعود، وحتى تكون الإعاقة تامة وحتى لا تصل بسهولة إلى الحصن. وقد كانت الفكرة في إنشاء حصون عالية يصعب تسلقها بجعلها عمودية تماما عند أسفلها، واتجهوا إلى تقوية الجدران الساترة حتى تقاوم القصف أو حفر الأنفاق تحتها أو الهزات الأرضية عن طريق زيادة سماكات البناء وإقامة الأسوار التي تستدق تدريجيا بالارتفاع واستخدام الأعمدة القديمة كمداميك في داخل الجدران. يتناول البحث دراسة معمارية للحصون والقلاع بمدينة خيبر، كأحد روافد التراث العمراني بهذه المدينة، والتي تميزت باتباع التخطيط المعماري العربي للاستحكامات الحربية الذي كان سائدا في شبه الجزيرة العربية منذ أقدم العصور. من خلال محورين الأول عن الدراسة الوصفية لحصون خيبر والثاني الدراسة التحليلية التي تشمل التخطيط المعماري والعناصر المعمارية وملامح التخطيط العمراني للحصون.
Author Keywords: حصون خيبر، المدينة المنورة، الاستحكامات، الحصون المنحدرة.
How to Cite this Article
Mahmoud Ahmed Darwish, “Architectural heritage of the Arab castles and forts in Khyber (Saudi Arabia),” International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 39–49, October 2016.
